The heart and arteries of polyodon

Danforth, C. H.

doi:10.1002/jmor.1050230303

Cited by 18 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…9) has an elongate, somewhat flattened hourglass shape. The stout appearance is superficial because the bone is mostly hollow, particularly at the two expanded ends for reception of the cartilaginous heads in an "ice- Laterally, each side of the hyomandibular bone bears crests for attachment of the protractor and retractor hyomandibularis muscles (Danforth, 1913). Opercular Series -We concur with most authors that the opercle has been lost in polyodontids, and the major bone supporting the gill cover flap is actually the subopercle (thought to be the opercle by some authors-see abbreviations section for references).…”

Section: The B Bones Number Five Pairs In Polyodon Spathulamentioning

confidence: 99%

Osteology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Fossil and Recent Paddlefishes (Polyodontidae) with Comments on the Interrelationships of Acipenseriformes

Grande

Bemis

1991

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

198

103

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The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of fossil and living paddlefishes (Polyodontidae) are investigated in detail for the first time. This peculiar, poorly known group is of great significance to phylogenetic studies of primitive actinopterygians, because it is one of only two chondrostean families that have survived to the present. Consequently the group is frequently used as an outgroup for studies of the many fossil chondrostean groups and for higher-level studies of actinopterygian (and even osteichthyan) interrelationships.The family has a long but spotty fossil record dating back to the Upper Cretaceous, including species represented by relatively complete skeletons or at least skulls. These relatively complete fossils are extremely rare and belong to the species tPaleopsephurus wilsoni MacAlpin, 1947 from the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of Montana (redescribed here); tPolyodon sp. nov. from the lower Paleocene Tullock Formation of Montana (described here); and tCrossopholis magnicaudatus Cope, 1883 from lower Eocene deposits of the Green River Formation in Wyoming (described in detail here for the first time based on much new material). Among the fossils, tCrossopholis is of particular interest, because it is now known by several nearly complete skeletons (reported and described here for the first time). tPaleopsephurus and tPolyodon sp. nov. are known from a single partial skull each, and some fragmentary postcranial material, but are well enough represented to include in our phylogenetic analysis. Other, more fragmentary, Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene material (some newly reported here) is placed in Polyodontidae incertae sedis.There are two extant species in the family, frequently referred to in the literature as "living fossils." These two species are Polyodon spathula from the Mississippi River drainage of North America, and Psephurus gladius primarily from the upper Yangtze River drainage in China. The osteology of Psephurus gladius is described here in detail for the first time.Previous studies of Polyodontidae have been almost exclusively based on Polyodon spathula, because specimens of the other species are extremely rare and very poorly known. After accumulating and preparing material for several years, we were able to describe more fully all polyodontid species and examine the family phylogenetically. Our study reveals that Polyodon spathula is a highly derived member of the family, and generally not a good representative of the family when the family is used as an outgroup for higher-level phylogenetic studies of actinopterygians. The use of Polyodon spathula as the primitive polyodontid has previously led to several serious errors in the literature. We therefore also summarize certain primitive characters of Polyodontidae in this paper.Contrary to previous studies, we show that tPaleopsephurus has the stellate rostral bones unique to polyodontids (in addition to the long median rostral bones and extremely elongate snout also unique to the group). Also contrary to...

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Section: The B Bones Number Five Pairs In Polyodon Spathulamentioning

confidence: 99%

Osteology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Fossil and Recent Paddlefishes (Polyodontidae) with Comments on the Interrelationships of Acipenseriformes

Grande

Bemis

1991

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

198

103

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“…There was one immediate mortality from snagging. This fish was snagged on the underside in the area of arteries supplying the gills (Danforth 1912), resulting in a large loss of blood. The fish died shortly after being beached.…”

Section: Catchmentioning

confidence: 93%

Implementation and Evaluation of a Catch-and-Release Fishery for Paddlefish

Scarnecchia

Stewart

1997

North American Journal of Fisheries Management

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In 1995 and 1996, a mandatory catch‐and‐release fishery for paddlefish was conducted 2d/week during the 6‐week paddlefish snagging season at the Intake fishing site on the lower Yellowstone River, Montana. The fishery was monitored by trained fisheries personnel to ensure compliance and to obtain information on hooking mortality and angler attitudes. In 1995, snaggers expended 838 angler‐hours and caught and released 420 fish, or 0.5 fish/h. In all, 96 fish snagged, tagged, and released in 1995 were recaptured and either creeled or re‐released in 1995 or 1996. Sixty‐four (15.6%) of the fish inspected had one or more bleeding wounds beyond the hook puncture resulting from the snagging event. Some fish also had old wounds (4.7%) and arcshaped scars, the latter probably caused by boat propellers. In 1996, snaggers expended 589 angler‐hours and caught and released 127 fish, or 0.2 fish/h. Twenty‐one fish tagged during catch and release in 1996 were recaptured at Intake in 1996; 19 were creeled and 2 were re‐released. A total of 159 snaggers completed the brief written questionnaire on the catch‐and‐release snag fishery. The most common suggestions for improvement were the optional retention of fish and more days and hours for catch‐and‐release. Because of evidence of low hooking mortality and high snagger interest, continuation of catch‐and‐release is planned for future years.

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“…Most other teleosts (MULLER 1839, PARKER 1884, SILVESTER 1905, R O S~N 1911, ALLIS 1909, 1912a, SEN 1928, SCHOTTLE 1931, and others) seem to resemble Salmo in this connection. In Amiurus ( M c KENZIE 1884, ALLIS 1908, Leptocephalus (SILVESTER 1905), Scorpaena and Belone (ALLIS 1908 b ) , however, the encephalic artery runs a short distance in the myodome, and then issues the cerebral arteries of which the anterior one runs forward in the membranous wall of the brain cavity, yielding the optic artery before it enters the brain cavity.…”

Section: Brain Arteriesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In Polyodon (ALLIS 1911 a, DANFORTH 1912) there is no hyoidean gill, yet an afferent hyoidean artery and a short efferent hyoidean artery are developed. In Amia there is an afferent hyoidean artery (ALLIS 1901, 1912a, SHEARER 1930, and according to ALLIS a complete efferent hyoidean artery is also formed, which like the efferent branchial arteries extends between the lateral dorsal aorta and the lateral hypobranchial artery (Fig. 12 XII).…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%