The HEAO 1 A-4 catalog of high-energy X-ray sources

Levine, Alan M.; Lang, F. L.; Lewin, W. H. G.; Primini, F. A.; Dobson, C. A.; Doty, J.; Hoffman, Jeffrey A.; Howe, S. K.; Scheepmaker, A.; Wheaton, W. A.; Matteson, J. L.; Baity, W. A.; Gruber, D.; Knight, F. K.; Nolan, P. L.; Pelling, R. M.; Rothschild, R. E.; Peterson, L. E.

doi:10.1086/190944

Cited by 143 publications

(101 citation statements)

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“…Compared with lower X-ray energies, where various missions from Uhuru (Forman et al 1978) to ROSAT have systematically surveyed the sky and where slew surveys of later missions have added detail, our knowledge of the sky at hard X-rays (>10 keV) has been rather patchy and insensitive. The sensitivity of the HEAO-A4 13-180 keV survey (Levine et al 1984) was such that only 77 sources were detected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

THE 22 MONTH SWIFT -BAT ALL-SKY HARD X-RAY SURVEY

Tueller

Baumgartner

Markwardt

et al. 2010

ApJS

204

200

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We present the catalog of sources detected in the first 22 months of data from the hard X-ray survey (14-195 keV) conducted with the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) coded mask imager on the Swift satellite. The catalog contains 461 sources detected above the 4.8σ level with BAT. High angular resolution X-ray data for every source from Swift-XRT or archival data have allowed associations to be made with known counterparts in other wavelength bands for over 97% of the detections, including the discovery of ∼30 galaxies previously unknown as active galactic nuclei and several new Galactic sources. A total of 266 of the sources are associated with Seyfert galaxies (median redshift z ∼ 0.03) or blazars, with the majority of the remaining sources associated with X-ray binaries in our Galaxy. This ongoing survey is the first uniform all-sky hard X-ray survey since HEAO-1 in 1977. Since the publication of the nine-month BAT survey we have increased the number of energy channels from four to eight and have substantially increased the number of sources with accurate average spectra. The BAT 22 month catalog is the product of the most sensitive all-sky survey in the hard X-ray band, with a detection sensitivity (4.8σ ) of 2.2 × 10 −11 erg cm −2 s −1 (1 mCrab) over most of the sky in the 14-195 keV band.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

THE 22 MONTH SWIFT -BAT ALL-SKY HARD X-RAY SURVEY

Tueller

Baumgartner

Markwardt

et al. 2010

ApJS

204

200

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“…This catalogue is the first complete all-sky survey above 2.5 keV since HEAO-1 A4 (Levine et al 1984) with 6 years of coverage corresponding to a net total exposure of over 100 million seconds and with a far better location accuracy. It contains more information on variability over long time scale in the hard X-ray band than for example the ROSAT all-sky survey catalogues, the ASCA 0.7-10 keV (Sugizaki et al 2001) and the first three INTEGRAL-IBIS low galactic latitude surveys (Bird et al 2004;Bird et al 2006;Revnivtsev et al 2004) and the high galactic latitude survey of the Swift-BAT (Markwardt et al 2005), and comparable with the last INTEGRAL-IBIS survey (Bird et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TheBeppoSAX WFC X-ray source catalogue

Verrecchia

Zand

Giommi

et al. 2007

A&A

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Aims. We present the catalogue of X-ray sources detected by the two Wide Field Cameras (WFCs) in complete observations on board BeppoSAX during its 6 years of operational lifetime, between April 1996 and April 2002. Methods. The BeppoSAX WFCs were coded mask instruments sensitive in the 2-28 keV energy band with a 40 × 40 square degree fields of view, pointing in opposite directions and perpendicularly to the BeppoSAX Narrow Field Instruments (NFI). The WFCs were usually operated simultaneously to NFI observations, each lasting up to several days. WFCs observed thus the entire sky several times with a typical sensitivity of 2 to 10 mCrab. A systematic analysis of all WFC observations in the BeppoSAX archive has been carried out using the latest post-mission release of the WFC analysis software and calibrations. Results. The catalogue includes 253 distinct sources, obtained from a total sample of 8283 WFC detections. We describe the basic statistical properties of the sample and present a six-year history of two celestial calibration X-ray sources.

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“…On the other hand, no low-energy gamma-ray full-sky surveys have been performed since the pioneering HEAO 1 A-4 experiment in 1977-1979(Levine et al 1984. That experiment covered the energy range between 13 and 180 keV and resulted in the detection of about 70 sources (seven of them extragalactic).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) Earth Occultation Catalog of Low‐Energy Gamma‐Ray Sources

Harmon

Wilson

Fishman

et al. 2004

ASTROPHYS J SUPPL S

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The Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE), aboard the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), provided a record of the low-energy gamma-ray sky ($20-1000 keV) between 1991 April and 2000 May (9.1 yr).BATSE monitored the high-energy sky using the Earth occultation technique (EOT) for point sources whose emission extended for times on the order of the CGRO orbital period ($92 min) or greater. Using the EOT to extract flux information, a catalog of sources using data from the BATSE Large Area Detectors has been prepared. The first part of the catalog consists of results from the all-sky monitoring of 58 sources, mostly Galactic, with intrinsic variability on timescales of hours to years. For these sources, we have included tables of flux and spectral data, and outburst times for transients. Light curves (or flux histories) have been placed on the World Wide Web.We then performed a deep-sampling of these 58 objects, plus a selection of 121 more objects, combining data from the entire 9.1 yr BATSE data set. Source types considered were primarily accreting binaries, but a small number of representative active galaxies, X-ray-emitting stars, and supernova remnants were also included. The sample represents a compilation of sources monitored and/or discovered with BATSE and other high-energy instruments between 1991 and 2000, known sources taken from the HEAO 1 A-4 and Macomb & Gehrels catalogs. The deep sample results include definite detections of 83 objects and possible detections of 36 additional objects. The definite detections spanned three classes of sources: accreting black hole and neutron star binaries, active galaxies, and supernova remnants. The average fluxes measured for the fourth class, the X-ray emitting stars, were below the confidence limit for definite detection.Flux data for the deep sample are presented in four energy bands: 20-40, 40-70, 70-160, and 160-430 keV. The limiting average flux level (9.1 yr) for the sample varies from 3.5 to 20 mcrab (5 ) between 20 and 430 keV, depending on systematic error, which in turn is primarily dependent on the sky location.To strengthen the credibility of detection of weaker sources ($5-25 mcrab), we generated Earth occultation images, searched for periodic behavior using FFT and epoch folding methods, and critically evaluated the energy-dependent emission in the four flux bands. The deep sample results are intended for guidance in performing future all-sky surveys or pointed observations in the hard X-ray and low-energy gamma-ray band, as well as more detailed studies with the BATSE EOT.

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The HEAO 1 A-4 catalog of high-energy X-ray sources

Cited by 143 publications

References 0 publications

THE 22 MONTH SWIFT -BAT ALL-SKY HARD X-RAY SURVEY

THE 22 MONTH SWIFT -BAT ALL-SKY HARD X-RAY SURVEY

TheBeppoSAX WFC X-ray source catalogue

The Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) Earth Occultation Catalog of Low‐Energy Gamma‐Ray Sources

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