The health status of women in Oaxaca: Determinants and consequences

The effects of Taiwan's National Health Insurance on access and health status of the elderly

“…Launched in 1950, the Labor Insurance program covered workers of government-run enterprises, private company employees, blue-collar employees, and members of professional unions between the ages of 15 and 60. use health care, and selecting health insurance programs, studies that use cross-section data can only observe associative relationships Short and Lair, 1994;Roetzheim et al, 2000;Winter et al, 1993;Hsia et al, 2000;Merrill, 2001;Wu et al, 2001;Walters, 1999;McWilliams et al, 2004). Although advances have been made in estimation methods in an attempt to reduce biases inherent in observational and cross-sectional data, many studies, as pointed out by Levy and Meltzer (2004), failed to provide solid evidence on the causal effects of health insurance on access to health care and health status.…”

Food Insecurity and Vulnerability in Latin America and the Caribbean

“…This is partially related to the lower schooling levels of women of rural origin. Finally, some studies note a negative relationship between the age of the mother and child nutrition ( Winter et al, 1993). Overall, this evidence suggests that intrahousehold allocation of resources in LAC and thus individual nutrition levels are largely dependent on household dynamics and the characteristics of the adult female in the household.…”

“…A result that comes through in numerous studies is the strong positive relationship between income level and food security. For example, studies from Mexico (Winter et al, 1993), Nicaragua (Behrman and Wolfe, 1987), Jamaica (Handa, 1999) and Brazil (Thomas and Straus, 1992) all highlight the importance of household income on food security. Correspondingly, some studies note the importance of household wealth, such as animal ownership, home value and land ownership, on food security (eg., Pelto et al, 1991;Berti and Leonard, 1998).…”

“…This evidence corresponds to the aggregate measures on gender presented previously. However, there is evidence that the number of children in the household and the position in the household in terms of birth order are important factors with children in larger households and the youngest children being more likely to experience undernutrition (Winter et al, 1993;Johnson and Rogers, 1993). Finally, one study reports that the adequacy of care a child receives is related to nutrition, with inadequate care (eg., being left with another child or brought to work with the mother) associated with lower nutrition (Lamontagne et al, 1998).…”

Reported parental role performance, parental one-on-one behavior, parental expectations, and problems with children in adoptive and nonadoptive families

“…In order to assess socioeconomic status, the income variable and the completed education variable were each standardized (variable value minus the mean, divided by the standard deviation) and added together creating a summed variable to estimate socioeconomic status. This estimation technique has been used in previous studies (Winter, Morris, & Murphy, 1993) Race was coded as white (1) and non-white (0). Sixty nine percent of sample 1 was white, 72 percent in sample 2, and 71 percent in sample 3.…”