The Health of Vineyard Soils: Towards a Sustainable Viticulture

Abstract

Soil health encompasses the effects the uppermost part of the land have on human wellbeing in a broad sense, because soil is where most food ultimately comes from, and because it more inconspicuously fulfils other ecological functions, as important as feeding, for our planet’s welfare, which is ours. Viticulture exploits the soil’s resources from which wine, its most valuable produce, boasts to obtain some of its unique quality traits, which are wrapped within the terroir concept. However, using conventional methods, viticulture also has harsh impacts on the soil, thus jeopardizing its sustainability. How long will the terroir expression remain unchanged as vineyard soil degradation goes on? While this question is difficult to answer because of the complex nature of terroirs, it is undeniable that conventional soil management practices in viticulture leave, in general, ample room for improvement, in their impact on vineyards as much as on the environment. In response, viticulture must adopt practices that enable the long-lasting preservation of its grounds for both on-farm and off-farm benefits. In this regard, the increase in the soil’s organic matter alongside the enhancement of the soil’s biological community are key because they benefit many other soil properties of a physical, chemical, and biological nature, thus determining the soil’s healthy functioning, where the vines may thrive for a long time, whereas its surroundings remain minimally disturbed. In the present review, the importance of soil health as it relates to vineyards is discussed, the soil degradation factors and processes that threaten winegrowing areas are presented, successful soil-health enhancement practices are shown, and future research trends are identified for the benefit of researchers and stakeholders in this special agricultural industry.

Biocontrol of Occurrence Ochratoxin A in Wine: A Review

“…Conidia of ochratoxigenic fungi may be present on the berries, but their ability to penetrate the berries is low unless the berry is damaged, and wounds caused by biotic or abiotic factors favor their penetration [ 65 ]. One of the causes of berry bursting is excessive watering, either by irrigation or by rainfall, before harvest [ 66 ]. Insects, especially Lobesia botrana , the grape berry moth, can contribute significantly to OTA contamination by damaging the barriers [ 65 , 67 , 68 ].…”