The Hausa 12-item short-form health survey (SF-12): Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation in mixed urban and rural Nigerian populations with chronic low back pain

Abstract

Introduction Measuring health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with chronic low back pain (LBP) is crucial to monitor and improve the patients' health status through effective rehabilitation. While the 12-item short-form health survey (SF-12) was developed as a shorter alternative to the 36-item short-form health survey for assessing HRQOL in large-scale studies, to date, no cross-culturally adapted and validated Hausa version exists. This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the SF-12 into Hausa language, and test its psychometric properties in mixed urban and rural Nigerian populations with chronic LBP. Methods The Hausa version of the SF-12 was developed following the guidelines of the International Quality of Life Assessment project. Fifteen patients with chronic LBP recruited from urban and rural communities of Nigeria pre-tested the Hausa SF-12. A consecutive sample of 200 patients with chronic LBP recruited from urban and rural clinics of Nigeria completed the instrument, among which 100 respondents re-tested the instrument after two weeks. Factorial structure and invariance were assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multi-group CFA respectively. Multi-trait scaling analysis (for convergent and divergent validity) and known-groups validity were performed to assess construct validity. Composite reliability (CR), internal consistency (Cronbach's α), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and Bland-Altman plots were computed to assess reliability.

Development of the Hausa Version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation in Mixed Urban and Rural Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain

“…Modi cation indices were applied to observe for item's redundancy or those with low factor loadings, and correlation of error terms to improve model t [66]. The model t was assessed with four goodness-of-t indicators including the ratio of chi-square to degrees of freedom (χ2/df), comparative t index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) [63]. The following cut-off criteria were considered adequate for model t; χ2/df of ≤ 2.0, CFI of ≥ 0.95, TLI ≥ 0.90, SRMR ≤ 0.08, and RMSEA ≤ 0.06 [67,68].…”

“…The SEM and MDC at 95% CI were computed in this study to supplement the test-retest reliability since ICC does not account for the size of measurement error that is clinically meaningful [63]. The smaller the SEM the better the reliability (precision) of the measure whereas the smaller the MDC the more sensitive is the measure [87].…”

“…The Hausa SF-12 was shown to be a valid and reliable measure of health-related quality of life in patients with chronic LBP [63].…”

“…The Hausa version of the SF-12 [63] was used to evaluate mental well-being. It consists of 12-item, and evaluates two global health constructs: the physical component summary (PCS-12) and the mental component summary .…”

“…The procedure used throughout this section has been used in the cross-cultural adaptation of other Hausa self-report measures as described elsewhere [55,63].…”