Abstract:Marks & O’Connell (2021)’s claim that an even-handed review of the literature shows that social and economic background does not matter to educational outcomes in ad- vanced economies, relies on questionable scholarship and grave statistical errors. Much of the evidence against the relevance of social and economic background rests on a stub- born misinterpretation of research that estimates gain scores, where the effects of student background on educational outcomes are much smaller because they are re… Show more
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