The harmonic interval : fact or artifact in spectral analysis of pulse trains

Watkins, William A.

doi:10.1575/1912/2726

Cited by 109 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Sounds were classified as whistles or calls based upon their harmonic structure (Watkins 1967). Calls were further classified to call type (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The vocal repertoire of killer whales consist of various burst-pulse calls and whistles (Schevill & Watkins 1966;Watkins 1967;Ford 1989;Ford 1991;Thomsen et al 2001). The evidence is mixed whether the various signal types in the repertoire or resident killer whales reflect the activities or motivations of signalers, as is documented for many primate sounds (Dittus 1988;Hauser & Marler 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diversity in sound pressure levels and estimated active space of resident killer whale vocalizations

2006

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Please use second address for correspondence. pulsed calls and 24 whistles produced by free-ranging resident killer whales by triangulating the angles-of-arrival of sounds on two beamforming arrays towed in series. Levels in the 1-20 kHz band ranged from 131-168 dB re 1μPa @1m, with differences in the means of different sound classes (whistles: 140.2 ± 4.1 dB; variable calls: 146.6 ± 6.6 dB; stereotyped calls: 152.6 ± 5.9 dB), and among stereotyped call types. Repertoire diversity carried through to estimates of active space, with "long-range" stereotyped calls all containing overlapping, independently-modulated high-frequency components (mean estimated active space of 10-16km in sea state zero) and "short-range" sounds (5-9 km) included all stereotyped calls without a high-frequency component, whistles, and variable calls. Short-range sounds are reported to be more common during social and resting behaviors, while long-range stereotyped calls predominate in dispersed travel and foraging behaviors. These results suggest that variability in sound pressure levels may reflect diverse social and ecological functions of the acoustic repertoire of killer whales.

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“…Sounds were classified as whistles or calls based upon their harmonic structure (Watkins 1967). Calls were further classified to call type (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity in sound pressure levels and estimated active space of resident killer whale vocalizations

2006

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“…The purpose of this paper is to outline the special problems encountered in the analysis of non-periodic FM signals by an instrument such as the sound spectrograph which is constrained by the uncertainty principle. While several previous papers have examined the special problems posed by spectrographic analysis (Watkins 1967, Greenewalt 1968, Marler 1969, Staddon et al 1978, Hall-Craggs 1979, none has dealt with the critical implications of the "uncertainty principle" for spectrographic analysis of non-periodic FM signals.…”

Section: (Assume T T Begins On a Zero Crossing)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectrographic Analysis of Animal Vocalizations: Implications of the “Uncertainty Principle”

Beecher

1988

Bioacoustics

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Many animal vocalizations are non-periodic, frequency-modulated signals. Because this type of signal varies simultaneously in two dimensions, time and frequency, spectrographic measurement is constrained by the "uncertainty principle": to increase accuracy of measurement in one dimension we must sacrifice accuracy of measurement in the other dimension. Although this trade-off is unavoidable, inherent in the measurement of frequency, for any particular frequency-modulated, non-periodic signal, there is an intermediate, optimal setting of spectrographic bandwidth, equal to the square root of the average rate of change of the measured signal. This optimal bandwidth minimizes the time· frequency smear, and thus permits the most accurate measurement of the instantaneous frequency. Investigators analyzing the microstructure of animal vocal signals therefore should choose their analyzer bandwidths to match the signals under study.

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“…with an average lower frequency limit of 140 Hz and a higher frequency limit of 164 Hz. These sounds often had energy up to the seventh harmonic, and hence could be classified by their harmonic structure (Watkins, 1967). O -21 0 I!…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sounds Recorded in the Presence of Adult and Calf Bowhead Whales, Balaena Mysticetus. Revision 1

Ljungblad¹,

Leatherwood²,

Dahlheim³

1979

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The harmonic interval : fact or artifact in spectral analysis of pulse trains

Cited by 109 publications

References 14 publications

Diversity in sound pressure levels and estimated active space of resident killer whale vocalizations

Diversity in sound pressure levels and estimated active space of resident killer whale vocalizations

Spectrographic Analysis of Animal Vocalizations: Implications of the “Uncertainty Principle”

Sounds Recorded in the Presence of Adult and Calf Bowhead Whales, Balaena Mysticetus. Revision 1

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