The Habitual Brain: An “Adapted Habit” Theory of Substance Use Disorders

Newlin, David B.; Strubler, Kevin A.

doi:10.1080/10826080601144606

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Instead, drug use takes on “a life of its own,” becoming highly routinized and strongly craved (cf. Baker, et al, 2004; Curtin, et al, 2005; Everitt and Robins, 1995; Leventhal and Cleary, 1980; Newlin and Strubler, 2007; Robinson and Berridge, 1993; Shiffman and Paty, 2006; Tiffany, 1990). The current findings buttress these theoretical assertions, and it is noteworthy that the study of self-reported motives for smoking points to the same conclusions theorists have reached via other lines of evidence and inference.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WISDM primary and secondary dependence motives: Associations with self-monitored motives for smoking in two college samples

Piasecki

Piper²,

Baker³

et al. 2010

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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The Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM) assesses 13 domains of smoking motivation emphasized by diverse theoretical perspectives. Emerging findings support a distinction between four primary dependence motives (PDM) indexing core features of tobacco dependence and nine secondary dependence motives (SDM) indexing accessory features. The current study explored the validity of this distinction using data from two samples (Ns = 50 and 88) of college smokers who self-monitored their reasons for smoking with electronic diaries. PDM scores were associated with diary endorsement of habitual or automatic motives for smoking individual cigarettes, which are conceptually consistent with the content of the PDM subscales. SDM did not clearly predict conceptually related self-monitored motives when tested alone. However, when these two correlated scale composites were co-entered, PDM predicted being a daily vs. nondaily smoker, being higher in nicotine dependence, and smoking individual cigarettes because of habit or automaticity. Conversely, after PDM-SDM co-entry, the unique variance in the SDM composite predicted the tendency to report smoking individual cigarettes for situational or instrumental motives (e.g., to control negative affect). The results suggest that the PDM composite may reflect core motivational features of nicotine dependence in these young smokers. The relative prominence of primary motives in advanced or dependent use may be even clearer when motives for smoking are assessed in real time rather than reported via questionnaire.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WISDM primary and secondary dependence motives: Associations with self-monitored motives for smoking in two college samples

Piasecki

Piper²,

Baker³

et al. 2010

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…However, a gradual shift from goal-directed towards habitual control, mediated by phasic dopamine release in dorsolateral parts of the striatum, 25 has been hypothesized to underlie chronic compulsive drug-seeking in substance use disorders like AD (for reviews, see refs. 26,27). Indeed, long-term drug seeking in rodents is insensitive to decreasing outcome values, known as outcome-devaluation, 28,29 suggesting habitual control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence for overreliance on habit learning in alcohol-dependent patients

et al. 2013

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Substance dependence is characterized by compulsive drug-taking despite negative consequences. Animal research suggests an underlying imbalance between goal-directed and habitual action control with chronic drug use. However, this imbalance, and its associated neurophysiological mechanisms, has not yet been experimentally investigated in human drug abusers. The aim of the present study therefore was to assess the balance between goal-directed and habit-based learning and its neural correlates in abstinent alcohol-dependent (AD) patients. A total of 31 AD patients and 19 age, gender and education matched healthy controls (HC) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during completion of an instrumental learning task designed to study the balance between goal-directed and habit learning. Task performance and task-related blood oxygen level-dependent activations in the brain were compared between AD patients and healthy matched controls. Findings were additionally associated with duration and severity of alcohol dependence. The results of this study provide evidence for an overreliance on stimulus-response habit learning in AD compared with HC, which was accompanied by decreased engagement of brain areas implicated in goal-directed action (ventromedial prefrontal cortex and anterior putamen) and increased recruitment of brain areas implicated in habit learning (posterior putamen) in AD patients. In conclusion, this is the first human study to provide experimental evidence for a disturbed balance between goal-directed and habitual control by use of an instrumental learning task, and to directly implicate cortical dysfunction to overreliance on inflexible habits in AD patients.

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“…These studies primarily examined differential gains associated with positive and negative expectancies, however, and not arousal and sedation expectancies identified in the associational network approach. These latter expectancies are significant because they map onto theories of risk for problematic alcohol use (see Newlin & Renton, 2010; Newlin & Strubler, 2007; Schuckit et al, 2005). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-adolescent alcohol expectancies: Critical shifts and associated maturational processes.

Bekman

Goldman²,

Worley³

et al. 2011

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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Children's alcohol expectancies shift in late childhood/early adolescence in ways thought to lead to increased risk for adolescent alcohol use. The precise nature of this shift and the maturational processes that may influence it remain to be clarified. To these ends, we compared expectancy endorsement by grade across four expectancy domains: positive, negative, arousal and sedation, in a cross-sectional sample of 3rd-6th grade children attending afterschool programs (n = 299). Structural equation modeling (SEM) then was used to describe the relationships between expectancies and differences in: (a) cognitive ability and concept formation, (b) risk-taking personality traits, and (c) social exposure or values regarding alcohol-related information. Results showed those children in higher grades endorsed significantly more positive, negative and sedating expectancies for alcohol than their younger peers. Concept formation partially and fully mediated the relationships between grade and both positive and sedating expectancies, respectively, but not the relationship between grade and negative expectancies. Sensation seeking did not increase across grades in this sample, and the relationship between sensation seeking and positive expectancies was fully mediated by reported alcohol exposure and values. This study provides a basis for future exploration of developmental influences on alcohol expectancies, an understanding of which may be helpful in the design of prevention efforts targeting high risk youth prior to adolescence.

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The Habitual Brain: An “Adapted Habit” Theory of Substance Use Disorders

Cited by 25 publications

References 52 publications

WISDM primary and secondary dependence motives: Associations with self-monitored motives for smoking in two college samples

WISDM primary and secondary dependence motives: Associations with self-monitored motives for smoking in two college samples

Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence for overreliance on habit learning in alcohol-dependent patients

Pre-adolescent alcohol expectancies: Critical shifts and associated maturational processes.

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