The H-reflex as a probe: Pathways and pitfalls

Knikou, Maria

doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.02.012

Cited by 335 publications

(378 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…31,34 The H-reflex confirms the presence of an upper motor neuron injury in this model, which is well described throughout the human and animal literature. 22 We observed significant at-level sensory alterations after clip impact-compression injury, which mimics similar outcomes seen in many lumbar root avulsion models. [35][36][37] Root avulsion models are designed to replicate the rare clinical scenario where the root is avulsed without an accompanying SCI.…”

Section: Neurobehavioral Recoverysupporting

confidence: 81%

“…An increase in the plantar H-reflex was indicative of an increase in motoneuron excitability, further highlighting the pathological changes after SCI that are indicative of human pathology. 22 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22 Spasticity, or the velocity-sensitive increase in resistance to manipulation, is a common side effect of SCI experienced in an estimated 65-78% of all patients with SCI. 33 Interestingly, the H-reflex is higher in the L1-L2 model than other thoracic or cervical injuries of similar severities and injury mechanisms.…”

Section: Neurobehavioral Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…33 Interestingly, the H-reflex is higher in the L1-L2 model than other thoracic or cervical injuries of similar severities and injury mechanisms. 22 This may be because of a decrease in inhibition from upper motor streams in the brain as well as segmental inhibition from the L1 and L2 spinal cord segments that inhibit lower lumbar segments. 8 In human patients with SCI, injury to the lumbar spinal cord typically involves many of the lumbar segments (L1-L5) because, in most persons, the entire lumbar cord is opposite the T12 vertebral body, which is a common site of injury.…”

Section: Neurobehavioral Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A New Acute Impact-Compression Lumbar Spinal Cord Injury Model in the Rodent

Moonen

Satkunendrarajah

Wilcox

et al. 2016

Journal of Neurotrauma

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Traumatic injury to the lumbar spinal cord results in complex central and peripheral nervous tissue damage causing significant neurobehavioral deficits and personal/social adversity. Although lumbar cord injuries are common in humans, there are few clinically relevant models of lumbar spinal cord injury (SCI). This article describes a novel lumbar SCI model in the rat. The effects of moderate (20 g), moderate-to-severe (26 g) and severe (35 g, and 56 g) clip impactcompression injuries at the lumbar spinal cord level L1-L2 (vertebral level T11-T12) were assessed using several neurobehavioral, neuroanatomical, and electrophysiological outcome measures. Lesions were generated after meticulous anatomical landmarking using microCT, followed by laminectomy and extradural inclusion of central and radicular elements to generate a traumatic SCI. Clinically relevant outcomes, such as MR and ultrasound imaging, were paired with robust morphometry. Analysis of the lesional tissue demonstrated that pronounced tissue loss and cavitation occur throughout the acute to chronic phases of injury. Behavioral testing revealed significant deficits in locomotion, with no evidence of hindlimb weight-bearing or hindlimb-forelimb coordination in any injured group. Evaluation of sensory outcomes revealed highly pathological alterations including mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia indicated by increasing avoidance responses and decreasing latency in the tail-flick test. Deficits in spinal tracts were confirmed by electrophysiology showing increased latency and decreased amplitude of both sensory and motor evoked potentials (SEP/MEP), and increased plantar H-reflex indicating an increase in motor neuron excitability. This is a comprehensive lumbar SCI model and should be useful for evaluation of translationally oriented pre-clinical therapies.

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Section: Neurobehavioral Recoverysupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Neurobehavioral Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Neurobehavioral Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A New Acute Impact-Compression Lumbar Spinal Cord Injury Model in the Rodent

Moonen

Satkunendrarajah

Wilcox

et al. 2016

Journal of Neurotrauma

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show abstract

“…Several authors have highlighted the importance of the information provided by type II (Maupas et al, 2004) and Ib fibre groups of ankle plantar flexors on postural control during locomotion (Faist et al, 2006;Knikou, 2008). In cases of central nervous system lesion, like stroke, the plantar flexor muscles are more prone to activation failure than the proximal muscles (i.e.…”

Section: -Postural Control Dysfunction In the Ipsilesional Sidementioning

confidence: 99%

The role of the ipsilesional side in the rehabilitation of post-stroke subjects

Silva

Sousa

Silva

et al. 2017

Somatosensory & Motor Research

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Neurophysiological characteristics of human leg muscle action potentials evoked by transcutaneous magnetic stimulation of the spine

Knikou

2012

Bioelectromagnetics

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The objectives of this study were to establish the neurophysiological properties of the compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) evoked by transcutaneous magnetic stimulation of the spine (tsMSS) and the effects of tsMSS on the soleus H-reflex. In semi-prone seated subjects with trunk semi-flexed, the epicenter of a figure-of-eight magnetic coil was placed at Thoracic 10 with the handle on the midline of the vertebral column. The magnetic stimulator was triggered by monophasic single pulses of 1 ms, and the intensity ranged from 90% to 100% of the stimulator output across subjects. CMAPs were recorded bilaterally from ankle and knee muscles at the interstimulus intervals of 1, 3, 5, 8, and 10 s. The CMAPs evoked were also conditioned by posterior tibial and common peroneal nerve stimulation at a conditioning-test (C-T) interval of 50 ms. The soleus H-reflex was conditioned by tsMSS at the C-T intervals of 50, 20, -20, and -50 ms. The amplitude of the CMAPs was not decreased when evoked at low stimulation frequencies, excitation of group I afferents from mixed peripheral nerves in the leg affected the CMAPs in a non-somatotopical neural organization pattern, and tsMSS depressed soleus H-reflex excitability. These CMAPs are likely due to orthodromic excitation of nerve motor fibers and antidromic depolarization of different types of afferents. The latency of these CMAPs may be utilized to establish the spine-to-muscle conduction time in central and peripheral nervous system disorders in humans. tsMSS may constitute a non-invasive modality to decrease spinal reflex hyperexcitability and treat hypertonia in neurological disorders.

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The H-reflex as a probe: Pathways and pitfalls

Cited by 335 publications

References 127 publications

A New Acute Impact-Compression Lumbar Spinal Cord Injury Model in the Rodent

A New Acute Impact-Compression Lumbar Spinal Cord Injury Model in the Rodent

The role of the ipsilesional side in the rehabilitation of post-stroke subjects

Neurophysiological characteristics of human leg muscle action potentials evoked by transcutaneous magnetic stimulation of the spine

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