The Gut's Role in Metabolism, Mucosal Barrier Function, and Gut Immunology

Lipopolysaccharide Activates Distinct Signaling Pathways in Intestinal Epithelial Cell Lines Expressing Toll-Like Receptors

“…The intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) 3 layer is constantly exposed to the resident microflora of obligate anaerobic bacteria, which play a crucial role in limiting direct contact of pathogenic threats with the mucosal epithelium. In response to invasive bacteria, the intestinal epithelial cell may produce a variety of cytokines and chemokines (1)(2)(3).…”

Gamma Interferon Augments the Intracellular Pathway for Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Recognition in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells through Coordinated Up-Regulation of LPS Uptake and Expression of the Intracellular Toll-Like Receptor 4-MD-2 Complex

“…Intestinal epithelial cells and their products, such as mucin and trefoil peptides, form a barrier that separates the host's internal milieu from the external environment (8,35). In recent years, it has become clear that the intestinal epithelium also serves as the defensive frontline of the mucosal innate immune system in the gastrointestinal tract (16,21).…”

Detection of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, goblet cells and secretory IgA in the intestinal mucosa during Newcastle disease virus infection

“…The main site of the mucosal immune system in the intestine is referred to as the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, with the immune-associated cells that include mast cells, goblet cells, secretory IgA (sIgA)-positive cells and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) being involved in many processes to prevent pathogen invasion. The collaboration of those immuno-competent cells protects the animals from various infectious pathogens (Kagnoff, 1996;DeWitt & Kudsk, 1999). Recently, we found mast cells were increased significantly in NDV-infected birds and demonstrated that these cells were crucial in tissue damage induced by NDV (Sun et al, 2008).…”