The gut microbiome stability is altered by probiotic ingestion and improved by the continuous supplementation of galactooligosaccharide

Abstract

The stable gut microbiome plays a key role in sustaining host health, while the instability of gut microbiome also has been found to be a risk factor of various metabolic diseases. At the ecological and evolutionary scales, the inevitable competition between the ingested probiotic and indigenous gut microbiome can lead to an increase in the instability. It remains largely unclear if and how exogenous prebiotic can improve the overall gut microbiome stability in probiotic consumption. In this study, we used Lactobacillus plantarum HNU082 (Lp082) as a model probiotic to examine the impact of the continuous or pulsed supplementation of galactooligosaccharide (GOS) on the gut microbiome stability in mice using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Only continuous GOS supplement promoted the growth of probiotic and decreased its single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mutation under competitive conditions. Besides, persistent GOS supplementation increased the overall stability, reshaped the probiotic competitive interactions with Bacteroides species in the indigenous microbiome, which was also evident by over-abundance of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) accordingly. Also, we identified a total of 793 SNPs arisen in probiotic administration in the indigenous microbiome. Over 90% of them derived from Bacteroides species, which involved genes encoding transposase, CAZymes, and membrane proteins. However, neither GOS supplementation here de-escalated the overall adaptive mutations within the indigenous microbes during probiotic intake. Collectively, our study demonstrated the beneficial effect of continuous prebiotic supplementation on the ecological and genetic stability of gut microbiomes.

Role of the gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes and related diseases

“…Although the role of some probiotics in improving human health has been confirmed, their safety and influence on the stability of microbial environment has attracted much attention. Some kinds of exogenous probiotics can inhabit in the intestine and affect the environment by competing with the indigenous intestinal bacteria [173]. The concerns about the safety of probiotics application are bacterial infections and resistance.…”

Synergistic Effects of the Jackfruit Seed Sourced Resistant Starch and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum subsp. globosum on Suppression of Hyperlipidemia in Mice

“…The pairing of prebiotics and probiotics is also gradually emerging in many studies. Ma et al [ 25 ] found that constant supplementation with low galactose improves the stability of the intestinal microbes. Thus, probiotics may be able to work more reliably or better in the gut if they are supported by their substrates.…”

“…Blood was collected, and serum was isolated to determine TG as a blood lipid indicator. All fecal samples from week 2 and week 4 were used for high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16s rRNA gene [ 24 ], and fecal samples from week 8 were processed for deep metagenomic sequencing [ 25 ]. The experimental design is presented graphically in Figure 1 A.…”

Tumor-related Microbiome in the Breast Microenvironment and Breast Cancer

“…Prospective cohort studies have investigated the effects of probiotics on breast cancer. Animal experiments demonstrate a growing possibility that probiotics exert systemic anti-tumor effects via stimulating the immune system, regulating gut microbiota, and promoting the survival of healthy microflora 27 , 28 . Lakritz et al 29 indicated that the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri suppressed breast carcinogenesis and increased the sensitivity of mammary cells to apoptosis.…”