The Growth Response of Prorocentrum minimum Pavill. (Dinophyta) to Karlotoxin Exposure

Ozbay, Gulnihal; Chambliss, Sh. S.; Wikfors, Gary H.; Adolf, Jason E.; Chintapenta, Lathadevi K.; Place, Allen R.

doi:10.1615/interjalgae.v16.i1.70

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…These radicals pose toxicity to cells, eventually leading to apoptosis. Moreover, its allelopathic nature can cause cytolytic action such as perforating the cell membranes of phytoplankton organisms [ 64 ]. The free phenol forms of tannin can bind with carbohydrates and proteins which could be a reason for the lysis of P. minimum cells [ 65 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and Molecular Response of Prorocentrum minimum to Tannic Acid: An Experimental Study to Evaluate the Feasibility of Using Tannic Acid in Controling the Red Tide in a Eutrophic Coastal Water

Jeong

Malazarte

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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Bioassay and gene expression experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the growth and physiology of Prorocentrum minimum isolated from a eutrophic coastal water in response to tannic acid. In the bioassay experiments, variations in abundance, chlorophyll (chl) a concentration, maximum fluorescence (in vivo Fm), and photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) were measured over the course of a seven-day incubation. Moreover, stress-related gene expression in both the control and an experimental (2.5 ppm TA treatment) group was observed for 24 h and 48 h. The molecular markers used in this study were the heat shock proteins (Hsp70 and Hsp90) and cyclophilin (CYP). The findings show that P. minimum can thrive and grow at low concentrations (<2.5 ppm) of tannic acid, and, above this concentration, cells begin to slow down development. In addition, TA concentration of 10 ppm halted photosynthetic activity. At the molecular level, treatment with tannic acid increased the expression of Hsp70, Hsp90, and CYP, and heat shock proteins are more upregulated than the cyclophilin gene. Exposure to tannic acid increased the expression of stress factors over time (48 h) by 10- to 27-fold the expression level of the control group. These results suggest that tannic acid can be used to control harmful algal blooms such as those containing P. minimum in eutrophic coastal waters.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and Molecular Response of Prorocentrum minimum to Tannic Acid: An Experimental Study to Evaluate the Feasibility of Using Tannic Acid in Controling the Red Tide in a Eutrophic Coastal Water

Jeong

Malazarte

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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“…In the Li et al (2012) study, Karlodinium veneficum inhibited cocultured P. minimum population growth rate to about 40% of the monoculture. Ozbay et al (2014) found that when P. minimum was treated with 0.256 μg/mlkarlotoxin(KmTx2)for24 h, it experienced mortality and cell diameter increases. The P. minimum is sensitive to karlotoxin but only at high concentrations (Ozbay et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ozbay et al (2014) found that when P. minimum was treated with 0.256 μg/mlkarlotoxin(KmTx2)for24 h, it experienced mortality and cell diameter increases. The P. minimum is sensitive to karlotoxin but only at high concentrations (Ozbay et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between Karlodinium veneficum and Prorocentrum donghaiense from the East China Sea

et al. 2015

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The dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense is a dominant harmful algal bloom (HAB) species on the East China Sea (ECS) coast. The co-occurrence of Karlodinium veneficum with P. donghaiense is often observed and can later develop into dense blooms. However, the role of K. veneficum in P. donghaiense population dynamics is unknown. In the current study, three K. veneficum (GM1, GM2, and GM3) strains were isolated from the ECS with one (GM1) from a mixed, dense bloom of P. donghaiense and other HAB species. All three isolates had identical ITS sequences that were concordant with the species designation. Unique karlotoxin congeners were isolated from one strain (GM2). The sterol compositions of P. donghaiense and K. veneficum were consistent with sensitivity to karlotoxin in the former and insensitivity in the latter. Additional experimentation showed that: (1)in monocultures, higher growth rate of P. donghaiense than K. veneficum is observed in nutrient-enriched and nutrient-depleted media. In co-cultures, the growth of P. donghaiense is inhibited; (2) feeding on P. donghaiense by K. veneficum is clearly demonstrated by fluorescent dye tracking; and (3) the isolated karlotoxin is lethal to P. donghaiense in a concentration-dependent manner. From these studies we propose that K. veneficum may play a negative role in P. donghaiense bloom maintenance and that P. donghaiense may in turn be a bloom initiator as a prey item for K. veneficum.

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“…To better understand Alexandrium BECs activity, it is instructive to compile and compare knowledge about other toxins of microalgal origin known to be involved in the several toxic and lytic activities. Such compounds are karlotoxins produced by Karlodinium veneficum [257][258][259][260][261][262], karmitoxin produced by Karlodinium armiger Berholtz, Daugbjerg and Moestrup [263], amphidinols produced by Amphidinium spp. [264,265], or prymnesins produced by the haptophyte Prymnesium parvum N.Carter [266,267].…”

Section: Becs Of Other Microalgal Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unknown Extracellular and Bioactive Metabolites of the Genus Alexandrium: A Review of Overlooked Toxins

Long

Krock

Castrec

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Various species of Alexandrium can produce a number of bioactive compounds, e.g., paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), spirolides, gymnodimines, goniodomins, and also uncharacterised bioactive extracellular compounds (BECs). The latter metabolites are released into the environment and affect a large range of organisms (from protists to fishes and mammalian cell lines). These compounds mediate allelochemical interactions, have anti-grazing and anti-parasitic activities, and have a potentially strong structuring role for the dynamic of Alexandrium blooms. In many studies evaluating the effects of Alexandrium on marine organisms, only the classical toxins were reported and the involvement of BECs was not considered. A lack of information on the presence/absence of BECs in experimental strains is likely the cause of contrasting results in the literature that render impossible a distinction between PSTs and BECs effects. We review the knowledge on Alexandrium BEC, (i.e., producing species, target cells, physiological effects, detection methods and molecular candidates). Overall, we highlight the need to identify the nature of Alexandrium BECs and urge further research on the chemical interactions according to their ecological importance in the planktonic chemical warfare and due to their potential collateral damage to a wide range of organisms.

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The Growth Response of Prorocentrum minimum Pavill. (Dinophyta) to Karlotoxin Exposure

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

Physiological and Molecular Response of Prorocentrum minimum to Tannic Acid: An Experimental Study to Evaluate the Feasibility of Using Tannic Acid in Controling the Red Tide in a Eutrophic Coastal Water

Physiological and Molecular Response of Prorocentrum minimum to Tannic Acid: An Experimental Study to Evaluate the Feasibility of Using Tannic Acid in Controling the Red Tide in a Eutrophic Coastal Water

Interactions between Karlodinium veneficum and Prorocentrum donghaiense from the East China Sea

Unknown Extracellular and Bioactive Metabolites of the Genus Alexandrium: A Review of Overlooked Toxins

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