The growth of PC‐12 neurites is biased towards the anode of an applied electrical field

Cork, R. J.; McGinnis, M.E.; Tsai, Jason Sheng Hong; Robinson, K. R.

doi:10.1002/neu.480251204

Cited by 41 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Similarly, studies in Xenopus have shown that cell surface receptors for neurotransmitters undergo a cathodal reorientation in an electric field (28), although other studies also in Xenopus demonstrate that neurites can turn either toward the cathode or anode depending on the identity of the substratum (29). In contrast, Davenport and McCaig (31) found that dendrites turn cathodally while axons do not respond, whereas Cork et al (30) found that PC-12 cell neurite turn toward the anode. Thus, the true effect of electrical stimulation on neurite outgrowth is still the subject of debate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Stimulation of neurite outgrowth using an electrically conducting polymer

Schmidt

Shastri

Vacanti

et al. 1997

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

996

800

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Damage to peripheral nerves often cannot be repaired by the juxtaposition of the severed nerve ends. Surgeons have typically used autologous nerve grafts, which have several drawbacks including the need for multiple surgical procedures and loss of function at the donor site. As an alternative, the use of nerve guidance channels to bridge the gap between severed nerve ends is being explored. In this paper, the electrically conductive polymer-oxidized polypyrrole (PP)-has been evaluated for use as a substrate to enhance nerve cell interactions in culture as a first step toward potentially using such polymers to stimulate in vivo nerve regeneration. Image analysis demonstrates that PC-12 cells and primary chicken sciatic nerve explants attached and extended neurites equally well on both PP films and tissue culture polystyrene in the absence of electrical stimulation. In contrast, PC-12 cells interacted poorly with indium tin oxide (ITO), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA), and poly(lactic acid-coglycolic acid) surfaces. However, PC-12 cells cultured on PP films and subjected to an electrical stimulus through the film showed a significant increase in neurite lengths compared with ones that were not subjected to electrical stimulation through the film and tissue culture polystyrene controls. The median neurite length for PC-12 cells grown on PP and subjected to an electrical stimulus was 18.14 m (n ‫؍‬ 5643) compared with 9.5 m (n ‫؍‬ 4440) for controls. Furthermore, animal implantation studies reveal that PP invokes little adverse tissue response compared with poly(lactic acid-coglycolic acid).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Stimulation of neurite outgrowth using an electrically conducting polymer

Schmidt

Shastri

Vacanti

et al. 1997

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

996

800

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“…In response to EFs, PC12 neurite outgrowth was biased toward the anode. This asymmetry was entirely due to the inhibition of cathodal growth (Cork et al, 1994), mirroring the effect of EFs on chick DRG neurites. No turning or stimulation of growth toward the anode was observed.…”

Section: The Responses Of Cultured Mammalian Neurons To Efsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Electric field effects on human spinal injury: Is there a basis in the in vitro studies?

Robinson

Cormie

2007

Developmental Neurobiology

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An important basis for the clinical application of small DC electric current to mammalian spinal injury is the responses of neurons in culture to applied electric fields. Our recent finding that zebrafish neurons were unresponsive to applied fields prompted us to critically examine previous results. We conclude that compelling evidence for neuronal guidance and directional stimulation of growth toward either the cathode or anode in an electric field exists only for cultured Xenopus neurons, and not for any mammalian neurons. No basis for the reported success in treating spinal injury exists in the in vitro studies, and considerable research will be required if the conditions of field application in mammalian spinal injury are to be optimized.

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“…Growth cones change their direction of migration in a DC EF depending on the substratum adhesivity and net charge (167). Sensory neurites do not turn (93), motor neurites turn cathodally (78), and PC12 neurites turn anodally (42). Moreover, embryonic rat hippocampal dendrites were attracted cathodally, but the axon on the same cell body did not turn (46).…”

Section: Embryonic Frog Spinal Neurons As a Model Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling Cell Behavior Electrically: Current Views and Future Potential

McCaig¹,

Rajnicek²,

Song³

et al. 2005

Physiological Reviews

896

879

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Direct-current (DC) electric fields are present in all developing and regenerating animal tissues, yet their existence and potential impact on tissue repair and development are largely ignored. This is primarily due to ignorance of the phenomenon by most researchers, some technically poor early studies of the effects of applied fields on cells, and widespread misunderstanding of the fundamental concepts that underlie bioelectricity. This review aims to resolve these issues by describing: 1) the historical context of bioelectricity, 2) the fundamental principles of physics and physiology responsible for DC electric fields within cells and tissues, 3) the cellular mechanisms for the effects of small electric fields on cell behavior, and 4) the clinical potential for electric field treatment of damaged tissues such as epithelia and the nervous system.

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The growth of PC‐12 neurites is biased towards the anode of an applied electrical field

Cited by 41 publications

References 25 publications

Stimulation of neurite outgrowth using an electrically conducting polymer

Stimulation of neurite outgrowth using an electrically conducting polymer

Electric field effects on human spinal injury: Is there a basis in the in vitro studies?

Controlling Cell Behavior Electrically: Current Views and Future Potential

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