The growth of exoerythrocytic stages of avian malaria within diffusion chambers in different hosts

Huff, Clay G.; Weathersby, A. B.; Pipkin, Alan C.; Algire, Glen H.

doi:10.1016/0014-4894(60)90016-3

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…1a–c) [54, 55, 73, 91]. The localization of cryptozoites in bird body depends on the mode of infection.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1a), sometimes in lymphocytes and fat cells, located close to the site of the mosquito bite [2, 4, 54, 95]. If sporozoites are injected intravenously, the cryptozoites mainly develop in lymphoid-macrophage cells in various internal organs; they are particularly often seen in the Kupffer cells of the liver and in the lymphoid-macrophage cells of spleen, bone marrow and other organs [5, 10, 53, 55, 73, 91, 97]. Cryptozoites (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Development of the secondary exo-erythrocytic stages (phanerozoites) can be induced in three different ways [10, 54, 55, 61, 64, 65, 67, 69, 73, 82, 91, 92, 94, 97, 117, 127]. First, a proportion of the merozoites from the erythrocytic meronts penetrate the endothelial cells of capillaries and cells of the lymphoid-macrophage system in many organs, including the brain, but particularly often in the spleen and lungs, and produce phanerozoites (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first phanerozoites usually mature between 10 days and 3 weeks after infection with sporozoites [2, 4, 5, 55, 61, 69, 80, 91]. Phanerozoites develop asynchronously, resulting in the presence of parasites of different maturity in organs of infected birds (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exo-erythrocytic development of avian malaria and related haemosporidian parasites

Valkiūnas

Iezhova

2017

Malar J

108

159

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Background: Avian malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) and related haemosporidians (Haemosporida) are responsible for diseases which can be severe and even lethal in avian hosts. These parasites cause not only blood pathology, but also damage various organs due to extensive exo-erythrocytic development all over the body, which is not the case during Plasmodium infections in mammals. However, exo-erythrocytic development (tissue merogony or schizogony) remains the most poorly investigated part of life cycle in all groups of wildlife haemosporidian parasites. In spite of remarkable progress in studies of genetic diversity, ecology and evolutionary biology of avian haemosporidians during the past 20 years, there is not much progress in understanding patterns of exo-erythrocytic development in these parasites. The purpose of this review is to overview the main information on exo-erythrocytic development of avian Plasmodium species and related haemosporidian parasites as a baseline for assisting academic and veterinary medicine researchers in morphological identification of these parasites using tissue stages, and to define future research priorities in this field of avian malariology. Methods:The data were considered from peer-reviewed articles and histological material that was accessed in zoological collections in museums of Australia, Europe and the USA. Articles describing tissue stages of avian haemosporidians were included from 1908 to the present. Histological preparations of various organs infected with the exo-erythrocytic stages of different haemosporidian parasites were examined. Results:In all, 229 published articles were included in this review. Exo-erythrocytic stages of avian Plasmodium, Fallisia, Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, and Akiba species were analysed, compared and illustrated. Morphological characters of tissue stages that can be used for diagnostic purposes were specified. Conclusion:Recent molecular studies combined with histological research show that avian haemosporidians are more virulent than formerly believed. The exo-erythrocytic stages can cause severe disease, especially in non-adapted avian hosts, suggesting the existence of a group of underestimated malignant infections. The development of a given haemosporidian strain can be markedly different in different avian hosts, resulting in significantly different virulence. A methodology combining the traditional histology techniques with molecular diagnostic tools is essential to speed research in this field of avian malariology.

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“…1a–c) [54, 55, 73, 91]. The localization of cryptozoites in bird body depends on the mode of infection.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Exo-erythrocytic development of avian malaria and related haemosporidian parasites

Valkiūnas

Iezhova

2017

Malar J

108

159

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“…We also see CDPK1and MSP1 in the membranes surrounding residual bodies, structures that consist of food vacuoles containing hemozoin that are discarded when a schizonts ruptures. Residual bodies are surrounded by parasite plasma membrane, a consequence of the mechanism by which merozoites are pinched off from the syncytium within the erythrocyte (26,27) and therefore stain with known markers of the plasma membrane such as MSP1 (Fig. 2C).…”

Section: Expression Of Pfcdpk1 In Merozoites and Localization To Thementioning

confidence: 99%

The Motor Complex of Plasmodium falciparum

Green

Rees-Channer

Howell

et al. 2008

Journal of Biological Chemistry

155

137

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Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) of Apicomplexan parasites are crucial for the survival of the parasite throughout its life cycle. CDPK1 is expressed in the asexual blood stages of the parasite, particularly late stage schizonts. We have identified two substrates of Plasmodium falciparum CDPK1: myosin A tail domain-interacting protein (MTIP) and glideosome-associated protein 45 (GAP45), both of which are components of the motor complex that generates the force required by the parasite to actively invade host cells. Indirect immunofluorescence shows that CDPK1 localizes to the periphery of P. falciparum merozoites and is therefore suitably located to act on MTIP and GAP45 at the inner membrane complex. A proportion of both GAP45 and MTIP is phosphorylated in schizonts, and we demonstrate that both proteins can be efficiently phosphorylated by CDPK1 in vitro. A primary phosphorylation of MTIP occurs at serine 47, whereas GAP45 is phosphorylated at two sites, one of which could also be detected in phosphopeptides purified from parasite lysates. Both CDPK1 activity and host cell invasion can be inhibited by the kinase inhibitor K252a, suggesting that CDPK1 is a suitable target for antimalarial drug development.

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Exoerythrocytic stages of avion and reptilian malarial parasites

Huff

1969

Experimental Parasitology

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The growth of exoerythrocytic stages of avian malaria within diffusion chambers in different hosts

Cited by 11 publications

References 6 publications

Exo-erythrocytic development of avian malaria and related haemosporidian parasites

Exo-erythrocytic development of avian malaria and related haemosporidian parasites

The Motor Complex of Plasmodium falciparum

Exoerythrocytic stages of avion and reptilian malarial parasites

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