The Growth of Breast Fed and Artificially Fed Infants from Birth to Twelve Months

Hitchcock, Nancy E.; Gracey, Michael; Gilmour, A I

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10957.x

Cited by 58 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…In addition it is difficult to compare because of the diversity of methodologies. Some authors have demonstrated that breastfed children have growth deficiencies after three months, [23][24][25][26] while others have demonstrated satisfactory growth among both exclusively and predominantly breastfed children; data that agrees with ours where birth weight was doubled before the fourth month. 5,10,18,27 Without doubt, the optimal weight gain observed in our study is the result of all the support and guidance that the mothers receive on the breastfeeding program, so that feeds are given on demand with the correct technique, the baby latches on correctly and develops sufficient suction to obtain all types of milk, particularly the hindmilk, which is rich in fats and has a high energy value, all of which leads to greater weight gain.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

O crescimento de crianças alimentadas com leite materno exclusivo nos primeiros 6 meses de vida

Marques¹,

Lopez²,

Braga³

2004

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

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Objective: To evaluate the growth of exclusively breastfed infants from birth to 6 months of life.Methods: This was a longitudinal study of 184 children who received primary care at a public institution (Exclusive Breastfeeding Stimulation Program, PROAME) in Belém, state of Pará, Brazil, between February 2000 and January 2001. A total of 102 children completed the study. All were born at full term with a birth weight greater than or equal to 2,500 g. No events were recorded during the neonatal period and the infants were exclusively breastfed, on demand, since their birth. The infants were followed up monthly, and the weight and length measured at birth and at the end of the first, fourth and sixth months of life were compared to the 50th percentile line of the NCHS growth charts and to other previous studies of Brazilian children who were exclusively breastfed.Results: Growth was adequate for all the children, who doubled their weight before the fourth month of life. Despite a slow-down in weight and height gain after the fourth month, the weight averages at 6 months were greater than the standards used for comparison. Conclusions:The average weight of these exclusively breastfed children was above the 50th percentile of the NCHS curve at 6 months, thus confirming the nutritional advantages of breast milk, especially when the mothers receive guidance regarding the appropriate techniques for breastfeeding.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

O crescimento de crianças alimentadas com leite materno exclusivo nos primeiros 6 meses de vida

Marques¹,

Lopez²,

Braga³

2004

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

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“…Os dados da literatura são contraditórios quando se referem a crescimento ou velocidade de crescimento de crianças em aleitamento materno, e a comparação entre eles é difícil devido à diversidade de metodologias. Alguns autores têm demonstrado que crianças em aleitamento materno apresentam deficiência de crescimento após os 3 meses de vida 23,24,25,26 , enquanto outros demonstram ser satisfatório o crescimento das crianças em aleitamento materno tanto exclusivamente quanto predominantemente estes últimos achados são concordantes com os do nosso estudo, onde as crianças duplicaram o peso de nascimento antes do quarto mês de vida 5,10,18,27 .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Growth of exclusively breastfed infants in the first 6 months of life

Marques¹,

Lopez²,

Braga³

2004

J Pediatr (Rio J)

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Artigo submetido em 26.05.03, aceito em 12.11.03. AbstractObjective: To evaluate the growth of exclusively breastfed infants from birth to 6 months of life.Methods: This was a longitudinal study of 184 children who received primary care at a public institution (Exclusive Breastfeeding Stimulation Program, PROAME) in Belém, state of Pará, Brazil, between February 2000 and January 2001. A total of 102 children completed the study. All were born at full term with a birth weight greater than or equal to 2,500 g. No events were recorded during the neonatal period and the infants were exclusively breastfed, on demand, since their birth. The infants were followed up monthly, and the weight and length measured at birth and at the end of the first, fourth and sixth months of life were compared to the 50th percentile line of the NCHS growth charts and to other previous studies of Brazilian children who were exclusively breastfed.Results: Growth was adequate for all the children, who doubled their weight before the fourth month of life. Despite a slow-down in weight and height gain after the fourth month, the weight averages at 6 months were greater than the standards used for comparison. Conclusions:The average weight of these exclusively breastfed children was above the 50th percentile of the NCHS curve at 6 months, thus confirming the nutritional advantages of breast milk, especially when the mothers receive guidance regarding the appropriate techniques for breastfeeding. ResumoObjetivo: Avaliar a evolução do crescimento de crianças alimentadas exclusivamente com leite materno durante os primeiros 6 meses de vida.Métodos: Estudo longitudinal de 184 crianças que receberam atenção primária em instituição pública (Programa de Incentivo ao Aleitamento Materno Exclusivo) de Belém (PA), entre fevereiro de 2000 e janeiro de 2001. Finalizaram o estudo 102 lactentes nascidos a termo, com peso igual ou superior a 2.500 g, sem intercorrências no período neonatal e alimentados exclusivamente com leite materno sob livre demanda desde o nascimento. Acompanhados mensalmente, foram avaliados os registros de peso e comprimento ao nascer, no primeiro, quarto e sexto meses de vida. Avaliou-se o crescimento através das médias de peso e estatura para cada idade, comparando-se os resultados com o percentil 50° dos gráficos de crescimento do National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) e com outros estudos anteriores com crianças brasileiras em aleitamento materno exclusivo.Resultados: As crianças tiveram crescimento adequado, dobrando de peso antes do quarto mês de vida, com desaceleração do ganho pôndero-estatural após o quarto mês, porém chegando aos 6 meses com médias de peso superiores aos padrões utilizados para comparação.Conclusões: Os resultados mostraram que crianças em aleitamento materno exclusivo chegaram aos 6 meses com peso médio superior ao percentil 50° do NCHS, confirmando as vantagens nutricionais do leite materno, principalmente quando as mães recebem orientação sobre a técnica adequada para amamentar. ARTIGO ORIGINAL In...

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“…The breastfed infants had slightly lower estimated energy intakes than the non-breastfed but this was re¯ected in the fact that they weighed less than non-breastfed infants at 8 months. This degree of difference in weight has been shown by many studies (Hitchcock et al, 1985;Hoffmans et al, 1988;Dewey et al, 1992), however, by the age of 3 y the differences are likely to have disappeared (Paul et al, 1988b). The intakes of nearly all nutrients were higher in non-breastfed than breastfed infants with the exception of dietary cholesterol and NSP.…”

Section: Infant Food and Nutrient Intake S Noble And P Emmettmentioning

confidence: 92%

Food and nutrient intake in a cohort of 8-month-old infants in the south-west of England in 1993

Noble

Emmett

2001

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To investigate food and nutrient intakes in 8-month-old infants. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC), south-west England. Subjects: A total of 1131 singleton Caucasian infants (82% of those invited) from a 10% random sample of ALSPAC, known as Children in Focus (CIF). Methods: Diet was assessed using a structured 3-day unweighed dietary record. Food and nutrient intakes were compared with intakes from the 6 ± 9 month age group of a British infant feeding survey, which formed part of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS). Nutrient intakes were compared with dietary reference values (DRV). Results: Intakes of energy and most nutrients were very similar between CIF and NDNS. The main difference was in the type of fat eaten resulting in a higher polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio in CIF (0.34) compared with NDNS (0.21). Other differences included the much lower calcium and iodine intakes in CIF compared with the NDNS. Differences in the proportion of consumers of formula and cow's milk accounted for most of the nutrient differences. Energy intakes were similar to the estimated average requirements (EAR), however, breastfed infants were slightly below and non-breastfed were slightly above the EAR. Mean intakes of zinc and vitamin D were below the Reference Nutrient Intakes. Conclusions: The diets of 8-month-old infants in this study were adequate in most nutrients. Breastfed infants had slightly lower energy intakes than non-breastfed infants. Sponsorship: Cow and GateaNutricia, MRC, Wellcome Trust, Department of the Environment, MAFF.

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The Growth of Breast Fed and Artificially Fed Infants from Birth to Twelve Months

Cited by 58 publications

References 19 publications

O crescimento de crianças alimentadas com leite materno exclusivo nos primeiros 6 meses de vida

O crescimento de crianças alimentadas com leite materno exclusivo nos primeiros 6 meses de vida

Growth of exclusively breastfed infants in the first 6 months of life

Food and nutrient intake in a cohort of 8-month-old infants in the south-west of England in 1993

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