The growth of Bacillus stearothermophilus on stainless steel

Flint, Steve; Palmer, John W.; Bloemen, K.; Brooks, J.; Crawford, Robert

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01215.x

Cited by 115 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…3). Previous studies have shown that exponentially grown cells are less adhesive (14,36,41). Furthermore, there is a bondaging or rigidification of the viscoelastic properties of the binding of exponentially grown cells to surfaces, probably due to an increase in CSH with time as the cells starve (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Use of a Quartz Crystal Microbalance To Investigate the Antiadhesive Potential of N -Acetyl- l -Cysteine

Olofsson

Hermansson

Elwing

2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The reduction of bacterial biofilm formation on stainless steel surfaces by N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is attributed to effects on bacterial growth and polysaccharide production, as well as an increase in the wettability of steel surfaces. In this report, we show that NAC-coated stainless steel and polystyrene surfaces affect both the initial adhesion of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis and the viscoelastic properties of the interaction between the adhered bacteria and the surface. A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation was shown to be a powerful and sensitive technique for investigating changes in the applied NAC coating for initial cell surface interactions of bacteria. The kinetics of frequency and dissipation shifts were dependent on the bacteria, the life cycle stage of the bacteria, and the surface. We found that exponentially grown cells gave rise to a positive frequency shift as long as their cell surface hydrophobicity was zero. Furthermore, when the characteristics of binding between the cell and the surface for different growth phases were compared, the rigidity increased from exponentially grown cells to starved cells. There was a trend in which an increase in the viscoelastic properties of the interaction, caused by the NAC coating on stainless steel, resulted in a reduction in irreversibly adhered cells. Interestingly, for B. cereus that adhered to polystyrene, the viscoelastic properties decreased, while there was a reduction in adhered cells, regardless of the life cycle stage. Altogether, NAC coating on surfaces was often effective and could both decrease the initial adhesion and increase the detachment of adhered cells and spores. The most effective reduction was found for B. cereus spores, for which the decrease was caused by a combination of these two parameters.Bacteria commonly adhere to a surface and are part of a complex biofilm. Since the growth of biofilms causes enormous economic losses and health problems in industrial systems like food and paper production, huge efforts are made to solve this problem. The adhesion of bacteria to surfaces is a complex interplay of physical, chemical, and biological factors (5), and there are large variations in the adhesion behaviors of different bacteria and also for different life cycle stages of one strain (41). It is very important to consider these differences when antiadhesion coatings are developed. It is generally thought that bacterial adhesion is preceded by the adsorption of a conditioning layer of molecules that influence adhesion of bacteria to surfaces (43). A good antiadhesion coating should form a conditioning film that prevents adhesion and has a low cohesive strength, making a weak bond between the biofilm and the surface (6). One such agent may be N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). NAC is commonly used in medical treatment of chronic bronchitis and cancer (38,46) and is one of the smallest drug molecules in use (30). Moreover, we recently demonstrated that NAC affects several processes that are important for bacterial biofilm fo...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Use of a Quartz Crystal Microbalance To Investigate the Antiadhesive Potential of N -Acetyl- l -Cysteine

Olofsson

Hermansson

Elwing

2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Biofilms are formed when spores present in the raw milk survive pasteurization, adhere to stainless steel surfaces, and germinate when and where conditions are suitable. As the biofilm matures, cells and spores can slough off and contaminate the product flowing past (13). Spore concentrations as high as 10 5 spores g Ϫ1 can occur in milk powder, resulting in it being downgraded to a lower-value product.…”

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confidence: 99%

Recovery of Spores from Thermophilic Dairy Bacilli and Effects of Their Surface Characteristics on Attachment to Different Surfaces

Seale

Flint

McQuillan

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Spores from four Geobacillus spp. were isolated from a milk powder manufacturing line in New Zealand. Liquid sporulation media produced spore yields of ϳ10 7 spores ml ؊1 ; spores were purified using a two-phase system created with polyethylene glycol 4000 and 3 M phosphate buffer. The zeta potentials of the spores from the four isolates ranged from ؊10 to ؊20 mV at neutral pH, with an isoelectric point between pH 3 and 4. Through contact angle measurements, spores were found to be hydrophilic and had relative hydrophobicity values of 10 to 40%, as measured by the microbial adhesion to hexadecane assay. The most hydrophilic spore isolate with the smallest negative charge attached in the highest numbers to Thermanox and stainless steel (1 ؋ 10 4 spores cm ؊2 ), with fewer spores attaching to glass (3 ؋ 10 3 spores cm ؊2 ). However, spores produced by the other three strains attached in similar numbers (P > 0.05) to all substrata (ϳ1 ؋ 10 3 spores cm ؊2), indicating that there was no simple relationship between individual physicochemical interactions and spore adherence. Therefore, surface modifications which limit the attachment of one strain may not be effective for all stains, and control regimens need to be devised with reference to the characteristics of the particular strains of concern.The presence of spores of thermophilic bacilli are a common problem during milk powder manufacture (32). Thermophilic spores from bacteria such as Geobacillus spp. are normally present in low numbers in the raw milk (31). However, high numbers are often found in the milk powder. The source of these spores is believed to be thermophilic bacteria growing on the surfaces within the heat exchangers and evaporators (43). Biofilms are formed when spores present in the raw milk survive pasteurization, adhere to stainless steel surfaces, and germinate when and where conditions are suitable. As the biofilm matures, cells and spores can slough off and contaminate the product flowing past (13). Spore concentrations as high as 10 5 spores g Ϫ1 can occur in milk powder, resulting in it being downgraded to a lower-value product. As established biofilms are difficult to eradicate (20), prevention of the initial attachment is an alternative approach to control biofilm formation. The initial attachment of microorganisms, including spores, to surfaces is due to physicochemical interactions between their surfaces and the substratum, which are described by the extended Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek theory (53). Such forces include Lifshitz-van der Waal's, acid/base, and electrostatic interactions. An improved understanding of the interactions that impact spore attachment may help in the development of strategies to reduce spore adherence.Several studies have used electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy to examine the physical structure of the spore's surface (7,18,28). However there have been few studies of the surface chemistry of spores, and it is likely that what little information is known may not be broadly applicable acro...

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“…Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella thyphimurium, (HOOD, 1996;LEJEUNE, 2003), Listeria monocytogenes (BERESFORD et al, 2001;LEJEUNE, 2003), Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus ( POMPERMAYER; LEREBOUR et al, 2004), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (WONG et al, 2002), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (DI MARTINO et al, 2003) are included among pathogenic bacteria. Spores of Bacillus cereus (FAILLE et al 2001;JULLIEN et al, 2002), Bacillus stearothermophilus (FLINT et al, 2001), and Bacillus sporothermodurans (AKUTSU, 2001) are also involved in adherence processes and biofilm formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The adherence of Pseudomonas fluorescens to marble, granite, synthetic polymers, and stainless steel

Careli¹,

Andrade²,

Soares³

et al. 2009

Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment.

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The growth of Bacillus stearothermophilus on stainless steel

Cited by 115 publications

References 6 publications

Use of a Quartz Crystal Microbalance To Investigate the Antiadhesive Potential of N -Acetyl- l -Cysteine

Use of a Quartz Crystal Microbalance To Investigate the Antiadhesive Potential of N -Acetyl- l -Cysteine

Recovery of Spores from Thermophilic Dairy Bacilli and Effects of Their Surface Characteristics on Attachment to Different Surfaces

The adherence of Pseudomonas fluorescens to marble, granite, synthetic polymers, and stainless steel

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