The growth mechanism and the habit change of ice crystals growing from the vapor phase

Sei, Tadanori; Gonda, T.

doi:10.1016/0022-0248(89)90094-8

Cited by 60 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Variation with temperature of the aspect ratios of ice crystals grown at high ambient supersaturation has been well documented in both eld and laboratory studies (Nakaya 1954;Shaw and Mason 1955;Hallett and Mason 1958;Kobayashi 1961;Heyms eld 1973;Rottner and Vali 1974;Ryan et al 1976;Gonda 1977;Colbeck 1983;Takahashi and Fukuta 1988;Sei and Gonda 1989;Fukuta and Takahashi 1999). It is not our intention here to make detailed or complete comparisons of the many measurements that have been made; however, we have analysed the qualitative ndings of several studies of ice-crystal aspect ratios in eld, laboratory cloud chamber, bre, and substrate-based experiments (Nakaya 1954;Shaw and Mason 1955;Hallett and Mason 1958;Kobayashi 1961;Ono 1970;Gold and Power 1971;Heyms eld 1973;Rottner and Vali 1974;Ryan et al 1976;Gonda 1977;McKnight and Hallett 1978;Auer and Veal 1979;Keller et al 1980;Colbeck 1983;Sei and Gonda 1989;Takahashi et al 1991;Fukuta and Takahashi 1999). In most cases, the particles were grown from frozen droplets, and their masses had grown by factors of a thousand or more after the initial ice particles were formed.…”

Section: Ice-crystal Shapes and Facet Instabilities; Previous Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Initial stages in the morphological evolution of vapour‐grown ice crystals: A laboratory investigation

Bacon

Baker

Swanson

2003

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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SUMMARYWe describe experiments to investigate the rst stages in the evolution of small (100-200 ¹m) ice crystals levitated in air at temperatures and humidities characteristic of fully glaciated stratiform clouds. We nd that in these conditions particle morphology is not uniquely determined by environmental temperature and humidity as has commonly been assumed; other parameters, such as the mode of ice initiation, appear to have important effects on particle shape. Crystals grown from frozen droplets at vapour excesses of less than about 0.05 g m ¡3 adopt isometric compact habits at temperatures above ¡22 ± C, while polycrystals dominate at lower temperatures. In contrast, crystals grown under similar conditions from frost 'seeds' usually develop into pristine hexagonal prisms with varying aspect ratios. An increasing fraction of frozen droplets develop into ' orid' crystals, containing thin side-planes, at higher supersaturations. This mix of particle types is similar to that found in eld studies of cold clouds. The change in morphology from compact hexagon to ' orid' with increasing growth rate de nes a facet instability transition, from which we infer a lower limit for the critical supersaturation for layer nucleation on the prism facet to be 2.4% at ¡15 ± C and 3.1% at ¡25 ± C. We develop a simple analytic model for the size dependence of facet stability and show its predictions compare well with the data.

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Section: Ice-crystal Shapes and Facet Instabilities; Previous Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Initial stages in the morphological evolution of vapour‐grown ice crystals: A laboratory investigation

Bacon

Baker

Swanson

2003

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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“…So far, there are many papers that observed steps on ice crystal surfaces (11)(12)(13)(14)(15). However, these studies observed spiral growth steps, and hence failed to prove the observation of elementary steps.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Many optical microscopy studies have been carried out to date to observe the surface morphology of ice crystals, such as steps (11)(12)(13)(14)(15), height topography (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23) and quasi-liquid layers (QLLs) (24,25), by ordinary bright-field microscopy (11,15,16), differential interference contrast microscopy (12-14, 17, 21-23, 25), two-beam interferometry (18)(19)(20), and laser reflection microscopy (24). However, none of these studies could prove, by their optical observations, that they could visualize individual elementary steps, mainly due to the small reflectivity (1.8%) of air-ice interfaces.…”

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confidence: 99%

Elementary steps at the surface of ice crystals visualized by advanced optical microscopy

Sazaki

Zepeda

Nakatsubo

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

110

154

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Due to the abundance of ice on earth, the phase transition of ice plays crucially important roles in various phenomena in nature. Hence, the molecular-level understanding of ice crystal surfaces holds the key to unlocking the secrets of a number of fields. In this study we demonstrate, by laser confocal microscopy combined with differential interference contrast microscopy, that elementary steps (the growing ends of ubiquitous molecular layers with the minimum height) of ice crystals and their dynamic behavior can be visualized directly at air-ice interfaces. We observed the appearance and lateral growth of two-dimensional islands on ice crystal surfaces. When the steps of neighboring two-dimensional islands coalesced, the contrast of the steps always disappeared completely. We were able to discount the occurrence of steps too small to detect directly because we never observed the associated phenomena that would indicate their presence. In addition, classical two-dimensional nucleation theory does not support the appearance of multilayered two-dimensional islands. Hence, we concluded that two-dimensional islands with elementary height (0.37 and 0.39 nm on basal and prism faces, respectively) were visualized by our optical microscopy. On basal and prism faces, we also observed the spiral growth steps generated by screw dislocations. The distance between adjacent spiral steps on a prism face was about 1∕20 of that on a basal face. Hence, the step ledge energy of a prism face was 1∕20 of that on a basal face, in accord with the known lowertemperature roughening transition of the prism face.in situ observation | monomolecular steps | two-dimensional nucleation growth | spiral growth I ce is one of the most abundant materials on earth, and its phase transition governs a wide variety of phenomena, such as weather, environment-related issues, life in a cryosphere, and cosmic evolution, etc. Hence the molecular-level understanding of ice crystal surfaces is crucially important. For example, ice crystal surfaces play a key role in heterogeneous physical/chemical reactions, such as the degradation of ozone and organic compounds adsorbed on ice crystal surfaces by UV light irradiation (1-4), the suppression of the growth of ice in living things by antifreeze proteins adsorbed on ice crystal surfaces (5-8), etc., as well as in the growth and sublimation/melting of ice crystals.A crystal bounded by flat crystal faces grows layer by layer (9, 10), utilizing laterally growing molecular layers that have the minimum height determined by the crystal structure. Hence, growing ends of such molecular layers, so-called "elementary steps," which ubiquitously exist on a crystal surface, play a key role during the physical/chemical reactions and the growth and sublimation/melting of ice crystals. Therefore to clarify such phenomena at the molecular level, first one has to observe elementary steps on ice crystal surfaces.Many optical microscopy studies have been carried out to date to observe the surface morphology of ice crystals, such ...

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“…Moreover, the size ratio c/b of an ice crystal grown at -30* is about 1.6, that is, because c/a is about 1.4 the crystal grows as a hexagonal column. The habit change of ice crystals grown at a low air pressure with different substrate temperatures is described in detail in a previous paper (Gonda and Sei, 1989).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The schematic diagram of a growth chamber and the methods of measurement are described in detail in another paper (Sei and Gonda, 1989). The outline of the methods of measurement is as follows.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth Rate of Polyhedral Ice Crystals Growing from the Vapor Phase and Their Habit Change

Sei

Gonda

1989

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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Polyhedral ice crystals are grown on a growth substrate at a low air pressure of 40Pa at -7, -15 and -30* at relatively low supersaturations. The measurements of the normal growth rates of ice crystals versus supersaturation and in situ observations of ice crystal surfaces are carried out. It is inferred that the {0001} and {1010} faces of ice crystals grown under these conditions grow by the mechanism proposed by Burton, Cabrera and Frank (BCF mechanism). The habit change of ice crystals with temperature is equivalent to the temperature dependence of the condensation coefficient al of the {0001} and {1010} faces. In this paper, the formation mechanism of non-hexagonal snow crystals observed in the upper atmosphere and in Antarctica is discussed.

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The growth mechanism and the habit change of ice crystals growing from the vapor phase

Cited by 60 publications

References 13 publications

Initial stages in the morphological evolution of vapour‐grown ice crystals: A laboratory investigation

Initial stages in the morphological evolution of vapour‐grown ice crystals: A laboratory investigation

Elementary steps at the surface of ice crystals visualized by advanced optical microscopy

Growth Rate of Polyhedral Ice Crystals Growing from the Vapor Phase and Their Habit Change

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