The growth and optimum yields of unicellular algae in mass culture

Ketchum, Bostwick H.; Lillick, Lois C.; Redfield, Alfred C.

doi:10.1002/jcp.1030330302

Cited by 45 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…where p was the steady-state division rate (Ketchum & Redfield 1938, Ketchum et al 1949). Eppley & Dyer (1965) also showed that, in light-limlted continuous cultures, the concentration of cells was inversely related to growth rate, p: such that a plot of (p,,,,, -p ) versus log(Io/I) should have given a straight line with a constant slope of 2.3/kh.…”

Section: Growth Limitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decoupling of calcification and photosynthesis in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi under steady-state light-limited growth

Wm¹,

Fritz²,

Fernández³

1996

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Carbon fixation of Emiliania huxleyi was studied in light-limited, steady-state, continuous cultures. Six growth rates were examined ranging from 0.24 to 1.0 d-' although the lowest may have been carbon-limited. Cell-specific and chlorophyll-specific rates of photosynthesis and calcification increased as a function of growth rate. The ratio of calcification to photosynthesis (C/P) increased from about 0.2 to 0.7 as the growth rate increased (from 0.24 to 0.75 d.'), then the C / P ratio decreased slightly as the growth rate approached washout at 1 d-' Extrapolation of the regression data at low growth rates suggested that there should be zero calcification at a growth rate of about 0.1 d-' Cells were also given a 30 S acidification/neutralization treatment to dissolve their coccoliths, and then carbon fixation was measured. Photosynthesis and calcification at all growth rates increased by about 0.1 pg C cell-' h-' following this treatment. Carbon fixation per unit chlorophyll a was predicted by multiplying the total carbon:chlorophyll a ratio by the respective culture dilution rate. These predictions were almost identical to ''C measurements of carbon flxat~on per unit chlorophyll. Nevertheless, if only total carbon incorporation data are available for a coccolithophore population, accurate predictions of just photosynthesis or calcification will require the functlon (presented in this paper) which relates the C/Pratio to growth rate. This function suggests a decoupllng of photosynthesis from calcification as growth becomes progressively more light-limited.

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Section: Growth Limitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decoupling of calcification and photosynthesis in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi under steady-state light-limited growth

Wm¹,

Fritz²,

Fernández³

1996

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Illumination is furnished either from the outside or by immersing fIuon: cent or neon tubes in the culture solution, the latter device usually beil used in the case of bubbling cultures [e.g., Ketchum et al (21)]. Except the study of algal-bacterial symbiosis in sewage water, carbon dioxide supplied by introducing CO2-enriched air into the culture solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Culture of Algae

Tamiya¹

1957

Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol.

205

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The necessary conditions for achieving vigorous algal growth are: (a) a supply of carbon dioxide and mineral nutrients in adequate concentrations, 1 The survey of literature pertaining to this review was concluded in June, 1956. 309 Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol. 1957.8:309-334. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by University of Sussex on 10/22/12. For personal use only. Quick links to online content Further ANNUAL REVIEWS Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol. 1957.8:309-334. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by University of Sussex on 10/22/12. For personal use only. MASS CULTURE OF ALGAE 311bolism have not been sufficiently investigated in connection with algal cul ture in sewage. Determination of the suitable relative concentration of each nutrient substance is a matter of importance in obtaining active growth of algae. While some species grow only within a narrow range of salt concen trations (52, 53), green algae such as ChIarella and Scenedesmus can grow with the same vigor over a wide range (54), a fact which makes these algae suit able for large scale mass culture. Nevertheless, to obtain steady growth in long range cultures measures must be taken to keep the concentrations of nutrients as well as that of hydrogen ions at suitable levels. The simplest way to achieve this may be to resuspend the algal cells in fresh medium at certain intervals (25). More rational is the replenishment method adopted by Krauss (33,56, 57), who added the elements to the solution at the same rate at which they were removed by the algae (Scenedesmus). The rate of removal of each element from the solution had been made clear by analyses of both nutrient media and algal cells. Different in principle are the steady-state culture techniques devised by Cook (28) and by Myers and co-workers (31, 36). These devices maintain a constant population in a container by means of a photoelectric ceH circuit which activates a solenoid valve allowing the en try of new medium. When the cell concentration increases above a prede termined point, fresh medium is automatically added, and the amount of overflow during a given period can then be used as a measure of growth. In their studies of algal culture in sewage, Gotaas et al. used two continuous culture techniques. One is a simple bubbling culture using a vertical glass cylinder (30, 58, 59). A definite volume of culture, depending upon the "de tention period" to be studied, was removed each day and was replaced by an equal volume of fresh sewage water. The other type of culture, using an apparatus called a "symbiocon" (60, 61), is a closed system in which algae and bacteria are maintained in symbiosis without supply of atmospheric air. Nutrient sewage is continuously added and an equivalent volume of the culture withdrawn at a constant rate. The difficulty of furnishing an adequate supply of microelements to the algae has been largely eliminated by the use of chelating agents which make possible concentrations of the elements higher than can otherwise be tol erated by the algae. Since Myers et al...

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“…To secure the maximum yield from a population characterized by a growth rate which decreases as the population increases, a harvesting regime should be established to remove any increment to the population beyond the point where the product of growth rate multiplied by concentration gives the maximum value (11,12). This value will not be at the point of maximum rate but will be found at a lower rate which, applied to a higher population base, results in a greater yield.…”

Section: Fig 4 (Right)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Growth and Inorganic Nutrition of Scenedesmus obliquus in Mass Culture.

Krauss¹,

Thomas²

1954

Plant Physiol.

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Current interest in the possible commercial use of algae resulting from the investigations of Spoehr and Milner (30), Spoehr (29), Coombs (7), and Burlew (6), as well as continued recognition of their value as tools in many fields of research, has emphasized the desirability of an understanding of the factors which may limit algal growth under conditions of mass culture. The first requirement is a culture apparatus which can maintain constant light and temperature. The second demand is for a technique which will provide a constant supply of nutrients in the medium over an extended period of time. The investigation of other factors affecting the photosynthetic efficiency of mass cultures can proceed only after these requisites are satisfied. The bulk of the earlier work on growth andl inorganic nutrition of algae prior to 1942, reviewed by Bold (4), has been concerned primarily with the growth of algae in small pure cultures which were allowed to grow to maturity. The adequacy of the initial medium supplied stuch " batch " or discontinuous cultures is determined by the amount of growth resulting during a given period of time without regard to the progressive environmental changes in the medium. However, Ketchum and Redfield (13) developed an apparatus using an artificially illuminated carboy for the continuous culture of marine diatoms to test the principle of the optimum catch delineated by Hjort, Jahn, and Ottestatt (11). This technique was modified by Scott (27) MATERIALS AND METHODSAPPARATUS: The culture apparatus is diagrammed in figure 1. The algae were grown in glass-covered, polyethylene-lined, white, plywood vats having an illuminated surface area of 2 m2 and a depth of 20 cm (A). In all experiments the vats were filled to a depth of 15 cm giving cultures of 300 liters. Motors (B) driving stainless steel propellers mounted in diagonal corners of the vat provided rapid circulation to prevent sedimentation. Water for the cultures heated to 70°C was passed through a cooling coil in a cold water bath (I) and then through an ion exchange column (J). Such water with less than 2 ppm of electrolyte (as NaCl) was essentially free of contaminating organisms. A mixture of 5 % C02-in-air metered by flow meters (CC) was supplied to the culture through a porous carbon pipe (C)

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The growth and optimum yields of unicellular algae in mass culture

Cited by 45 publications

References 2 publications

Decoupling of calcification and photosynthesis in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi under steady-state light-limited growth

Decoupling of calcification and photosynthesis in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi under steady-state light-limited growth

Mass Culture of Algae

The Growth and Inorganic Nutrition of Scenedesmus obliquus in Mass Culture.

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