The Grief Evaluation Measure (Gem): An Initial Validation Study

Jordan, John R.; Baker, John E.; Matteis, Margherite; Rosenthal, Saul H.; Ware, Eugenia S.

doi:10.1080/07481180590923706

Cited by 24 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Testing of an eight‐item adaptation of the Bereavement Risk Index found significant differences over a 25‐month period between high‐ and low‐risk groups (Robinson et al 1995). The Grief Evaluation Measure (Jordan et al 2004), including 58‐item experiences and 33‐item problems sections, was developed as a predictive measure for complicated grief; scores were correlated with related measures such as the Inventory of Traumatic Grief.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Measures of End‐of‐Life Care and Its Outcomes

Mularski

Shugarman

et al. 2007

Health Services Research

167

155

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Objective. To identify psychometrically sound measures of outcomes in end-of-life care and to characterize their use in intervention studies. Data Sources. English language articles from 1990 to November 2005 describing measures with published psychometric data and intervention studies of end-of-life care. Study Design. Systematic review of end-of-life care literature. Extraction Methods. Two reviewers organized identified measures into 10 major domains. Eight reviewers extracted and characterized measures from intervention studies. Principal Findings. Of 24,423 citations, we extracted 200 articles that described 261 measures, accepting 99 measures. In addition to 35 measures recommended in a prior systematic review, we identified an additional 64 measures of the end-of-life experience. The most robust measures were in the areas of symptoms, quality of life, and satisfaction; significant gaps existed in continuity of care, advance care planning, spirituality, and caregiver well-being. We also reviewed 84 intervention studies in which 135 patientcentered outcomes were assessed by 97 separate measures. Of these, 80 were used only once and only eight measures were used in more than two studies. Conclusions. In general, most measures have not undergone rigorous development and testing. Measure development in end-of-life care should focus on areas with identified gaps, and testing should be done to facilitate comparability across the care settings, populations, and clinical conditions. Intervention research should use robust measures that adhere to these standards.Key Words. Quality of health care, outcome and process assessment (health care), end-of-life care, measures, dying For the vast majority of Americans, the end of life includes a prolonged experience of chronic progressive disease, often associated with uncertainty, pain, suffering, and cost (Hogan et al.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of Measures of End‐of‐Life Care and Its Outcomes

Mularski

Shugarman

et al. 2007

Health Services Research

167

155

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“…Guilt is also included as a psychological outcome in many commonly used grief scales (e.g., Bereavement Experience Questionnaire [BEQ], Demi & Schroeder, 1987;Grief Evaluation Measure [GEM], Jordan, Baker, Matteis, Rosenthal, & Ware, 2005; The Perinatal Grief Scale [PGS], Potvin, Lasker, & Toedter, 1989; Inventory of Complicated Grief [ICG], Prigerson et al, 1995;Grief Experience Inventory [GEI], Sanders, Mauger, & Strong, 1985; The Perinatal Bereavement Scale [PBS], Theut et al, 1989). However, self-blame, guilt, and shame have received relatively little attention in parental bereavement research.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of the Peer-Reviewed Literature on Self-Blame, Guilt, and Shame

Duncan

Cacciatore

2015

Omega (Westport)

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This is the first systematic review of the evidence on the prevalence of self-blame, guilt, and shame in bereaved parents. A search of PsychINFO, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PubMed, and Science Direct resulted in 18 studies for the period 1975 to 2013 which the authors have appraised. Self-blame, guilt, and shame are common in bereaved parents, albeit to varying degrees, with differential relationships to sex, and diminishing over time. There is some evidence that guilt and shame predict more intense grief reactions and that self-blame predicts posttraumatic symptomology, anxiety, and depression in bereaved parents. Heterogeneity of the studies and numerous methodological concerns limit the synthesis and strength of the evidence and the generalizability of the findings. Self-blame, guilt, and shame are commonly experienced by bereaved parents. Awareness of these affective states may assist clinicians in the identification of bereaved parents who are at a higher risk of developing adverse psychological outcomes. Overall, self-blame, guilt, and shame have received very little attention in the bereavement research, leaving many unanswered questions. Implications for practice and recommendations for future research are discussed. Self-blame, guilt, and shame are common in bereavement and may hinder the healthy progression of mourning (Buckle & Fleming, 2011;Humphrey, 2009;Rando, 1986 , 1989). However, self-blame, guilt, and shame have received relatively little attention in parental bereavement research. Reviews of guilt and shame in bereavement are either not current or comprehensive, narrative in style and therefore more susceptible to researcher bias or focused on various types of bereavement rather than parental bereavement specifically (Buckle & Fleming, 2011;Humphrey, 2009;Rando, 1986). Miles and Demi (1986) have proposed the only current theory of guilt in bereaved parents. While clinicians acknowledge that self-blame, guilt, and shame often hinder the progression of normal grieving, there are currently no robust, empirically tested theories of self-blame, guilt, and shame in bereaved parents to guide either diagnoses or interventions. This is the first systematic review of the literature on self-blame, guilt, and shame in bereaved parents characterized by a specific research question, inclusion and exclusion criteria, an explicit search strategy, systematic data extraction procedure, coding and analysis of the studies, methodological appraisal, and a synthesis of the available evidence text. These characteristics reduce the likelihood of reviewer bias or selective citation and provide readers with the information necessary to appraise both the included studies and the systematic review itself (Mulrow, 1994;Pai et al., 2004).Defining Self-Blame, Guilt, and Shame Both guilt and shame are self-conscious emotions involving self-blame (Tangney & Salovey, 1999) and, because they are intimately related, they are more difficult to observe as separate phenomena (Blum, 2008;Kubany & Watson, 2003;Silfver, 2007). ...

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“…Additionally, items verified by the literature as prominent risk factors were selected from pre-existing bereavement screening tools, including the GEM (Jordan et al, 2005) and those developed by Rose et al (2011) and Guldin et al (2011). Items were identified as being within three main categories of risk described above: background factors, illness/death-related factors , and bereavement-related factors (Burke & Neimeyer, 2012; Lobb et al, 2010).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinician-administered screening tools have not proven reliable (Rose et al, 2011; Kristjanson, 2006; Sealey, 2015b) and self-report bereavement risk assessments (Jordan et al, 2005; Guldin et al, 2011) have not been widely used or validated due to their burdensome length and limited clinical utility (Agnew et al, 2010). In addition, such measures have not been developed using systematically obtained expert feedback or respondent input.…”

Section: Need For Bereavement Screeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the Bereavement Risk Inventory and Screening Questionnaire (BRISQ): Item generation and expert panel feedback

et al. 2016

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Objectives Following the loss of a loved one to cancer, a significant subset of bereaved family members are at heightened risk for mental and physical health problems; however, often these family members “fall through the cracks” in the healthcare system. A brief, clinically useful self-report bereavement risk screening tool could facilitate more effective identification of family members in need of psychosocial support before and after a cancer loss. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop and refine the Bereavement Risk Inventory and Screening Questionnaire (BRISQ), a self-report bereavement screening tool, and to assess its utility using feedback from bereavement experts. Methods Quantitative and qualitative feedback from a panel of 15 clinical and research experts in bereavement was obtained through an online survey to identify the most clinically useful items and understand expert opinion on bereavement screening. Results The qualitative and quantitative feedback was synthesized, resulting in a 22% reduction of the item pool. While there was a general consensus between experts on the most clinically useful risk factors for bereavement-related mental health challenges and on the utility of screening, they also offered feedback on language and formatting that guided substantial revisions to the BRISQ. Significance of Results These findings were used to refine the BRISQ in preparation for a second study to obtain family member feedback on the measure. By incorporating both expert and family member feedback, the intention is to create a screening tool that represents top clinical and research knowledge in bereavement in a way that effectively addresses barriers to care.

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The Grief Evaluation Measure (Gem): An Initial Validation Study

Cited by 24 publications

References 26 publications

A Systematic Review of Measures of End‐of‐Life Care and Its Outcomes

A Systematic Review of Measures of End‐of‐Life Care and Its Outcomes

A Systematic Review of the Peer-Reviewed Literature on Self-Blame, Guilt, and Shame

Development of the Bereavement Risk Inventory and Screening Questionnaire (BRISQ): Item generation and expert panel feedback

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