The Greening of Ports: A Comparison of Port Management Tools Used by Leading Ports in Asia and Europe

Abstract

From the policy and management perspective, this study aims to investigate the port management tools that port/public authorities have at their disposal and then to analyse to what extent the tools are used to enforce or encourage green port development at functional activities of port operations and development. We conduct an exploratory and comparative review based on two axes: on the one hand, the range of tools available to port authorities (pricing, monitoring and measuring, market access control and environmental standard regulation) and on the other hand, the functional activities in ports (shipping traffic, cargo handling and storage operations, intermodal connection, industrial activities, and port expansion). The situations in the leading ports in Asia and Europe, namely Singapore, Shanghai, Antwerp and Rotterdam are studied and compared, whereby the policies' effectiveness is discussed accordingly. Findings show that the ports are particularly mature in exercising environmental standard regulations which reveals that the enforcement approach is more prevalent. The most focused functional activity is shipping traffic which reflects that the ports are driven by the International Maritime Organisation. The respective port authorities in Antwerp and Rotterdam have a higher level of influence on devising green port policy in comparison to the two Asian ports.

A Maritime Research Concept through Establishing Ship Operational Problem Solution (Shipos) Centre via Information Technologies Integrated with or/Ms

“…Jeon et al (2014) studied the success factors for ship management companies. Lam and Notteboom (2014) investigated the port management tools that used by leading ports in Asia and Europe in terms of the environmental concerns. Pantuso et al (2014) conducted a comprehensive survey on maritime fleet size and mix problems.…”

Environmental Licensing as an Instrument for the Environmental Management of Brazilian Public Ports

“…In order to obtain the environmental license, in addition to complying with established standards, the environmental impacts arising from the implementation of an enterprise or activity must be prevented, corrected, mitigated, eventually eliminated, or compensated in order to guarantee the quality and sustainability of the environmental resources of the region under the influence of the activity in question. It should be emphasized that in any of its stages, the environmental licensing process will be fully funded by the entrepreneur, who shall reimburse the licensing body for all costs that have been incurred [2].…”

“…Port authorities around the world are searching for the "greening" of port management in order to safeguard their "license to operate" and increase its economic and environmental competitiveness [2].…”

Strategic beliefs of port authorities

“…For example, the work by Baltazar and Brooks (2007) stresses the relevance of a strategic fit between the port's strategy, structure and operating environment, concluding that it is the port authority's role to align these variables. Looking at the strategy of PAs related to pressures from sustainability perspective, Lam and Notteboom (2014) conclude that PAs of Rotterdam and Antwerp are more active in enhancing green performance than Singapore and Shanghai. Rather taking a logistics perspective, Notteboom and Winkelmans (2001) argue that the increased attention towards logistics chain performance drives PAs to look beyond the geographical domains of their ports and become networking organisations (Notteboom & Winkelmans, 2001), They then act as an element in valuedriven chains (Robinson, 2002(Robinson, , 2006.…”