The greening of golf

Abstract

Introduction and tools for seeing golf sociologically 1 1 Introduction: approaching golf and environmental issues 3 2 Light green to dark green: how to make sense of responses to environmental problems 27 Part II: Background and history 49 3 Waging a war on pests: golf comes to America 51 4 Golf in consumer culture and the making of Augusta National syndrome 71 Part III: The light-greening of golf 89 5 The turn to responsible golf and the roots of golf 's light-green movement 91 6 Environmentalism incorporated: professionalization and post-politics in the time of responsible golf 7 Light-green regulation? Environmental managerialism and golf 's conspicuous exemption Part IV: The dark-greening of golf 8 Anti-golfers across the world unite! Global and local forms of resistance to golf course development 9 Organic golf 'on the fringe': the potential and challenges of a chemical-free golf alternative Contents vi Part V: Conclusion 10 Reflections, recommendations, and minor utopian visions for a game we love

Greening Sport for Development and Peace: A Socio-Ecological Approach

“…First, any development philosophy or strategy must be anchored in a fundamental commitment to genuinely sustainable development, which protects, preserves, and nurtures the natural environment. In line with earlier work (Millington and Wilson, 2013;Giulianotti et al, 2018), I posit that such development must eschew convenient, Micawberish modernization theories, which assume that future modern science will "turn up something" to reverse the ongoing environmental devastation of our planet.…”

“…They also advance two concepts that may be utilized in future SDP/environment studies. First, the concept of "ecological modernization" draws critical scrutiny toward policy assumptions that environmental degradation will be successfully tackled through future scientific advances (see also Millington and Wilson, 2013). Second, the authors' concept of "benign governmentality" points to the ways in which positive civic conduct, such as everyday care for the environment, may be cultivated among young people through their participation within SDP programs and initiatives.…”

A Proposal for an “Environmental Sports Journalism” (ESJ) Approach: Principles and Illustrative Examples From Coverage of the Rio 2016 and PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Games

“…Other concerns include the soil erosion and destruction of natural vegetation associated with alpine skiing and the pollution from driving to resorts (Stoddart, 2012). The implications of golf course construction and maintenance for natural habitats are also relevant here (Millington & Wilson, 2016).…”

Seeking green grass: Strong sustainability for golf and turfgrass

“…Golf facilities require energy‐matter throughput to create, maintain and operate as each stage takes resource inputs from stocks and emits waste outputs into sinks. Therefore, golf depletes our environmental life‐support system through biodiversity loss, freshwater use, ocean acidification, ozone depletion, and the consumption of fossil fuels, metal ores and non‐metallic minerals (Hiskes, 2010; Millington & Wilson, 2016; Tidåker et al, 2017; Wheeler & Nauright, 2006). In some cases, these impacts can be large.…”

“…With this being said, many reductions were driven by facility closures, less than 5% of facilities participate in some form of renewable energy program, levels of chemical usage have not changed, there has been a notable reduction in IPM applications (GCSAA, 2015, 2016a, 2016b, 2017), and energy, material and water throughput remain critical challenges (Millington & Wilson, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017). Despite these improvements, some commentators have therefore noted that golf has only been willing to change “up to a point” (Millington & Wilson, 2013, p. 454) and that it seems to focus on appearing sustainable instead of being sustainable.…”