“…1–3 Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) is being increasingly implemented as a nature-based solution to improve urban stormwater runoff quality, increase groundwater recharge, 4–7 and address broader societal needs. 8 Bioretention cells are one of the most widely-used GSI practices. 3,9 Conventional bioretention cells are typically filled with porous media consisting of sand, compost, soil, and mulch with vegetation 10 to maintain high hydraulic conductivity/infiltration rates and prevent extended ponding.…”