The Greater Ability of Graphical Versus Numerical Displays to Increase Risk Avoidance Involves a Common Mechanism

Schirillo, James A.; Stone, Eric R.

doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00624.x

Cited by 73 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Even in such matrix displays, format can strongly affect behavior and judgment. For example, graphs that display the number affected (numerator) without showing the total number at risk (denominator) are more effective in promoting risk-reducing behavior (Schirillo & Stone, 2005; Stone et al, 2003). Highlighting the figures affected by disease in a random arrangement produced larger estimates of risk magnitude than arranging them sequentially (Schapira, Nattinger, & McAuliffe, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive Graphics for Expressing Health Risks: Development and Qualitative Evaluation

Ancker

Chan

Kukafka

2009

Journal of Health Communication

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Background Recent findings suggest that interactive game-like graphics might be useful in communicating probabilities. We developed a prototype for a risk communication module, focusing on eliciting users’ preferences for different interactive graphics and assessing usability and user interpretations. Methods Focus groups and iterative design methods. Results Feedback from five focus groups was used to design the graphics. The final version displayed a matrix of square buttons; clicking on any button allowed the user to see whether the stick figure underneath was affected by the health outcome. When participants used this interaction to learn about a risk, they expressed more emotional responses, both positive and negative, than when viewing any static graphic or numerical description of a risk. Their responses included relief about small risks and concern about large risks. The groups also commented on static graphics: arranging the figures affected by disease randomly throughout a group of figures made it more difficult to judge the proportion affected but was described as more realistic. Conclusions Interactive graphics appear to have potential for expressing risk magnitude as well as the affective feeling of risk. Quantitative studies are planned to assess the effect on perceived risks and estimated risk magnitudes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive Graphics for Expressing Health Risks: Development and Qualitative Evaluation

Ancker

Chan

Kukafka

2009

Journal of Health Communication

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“…Indeed, studies have shown that visual aids improve risk understanding (e.g., Galesic, Garcia-Retamero, & Gigerenzer, 2009;Garcia-Retamero & Galesic, 2010b;Lipkus, 2007;Lipkus & Hollands, 1999;Paling, 2003), reduce errors induced by anecdotal narratives (Fagerlin, Wang, & Ubel, 2005) and biases such as denominator neglect (e.g., GarciaRetamero & Dhami, 2011; On Avoiding Framing Effects 6 Gigerenzer, 2010;Okan, Garcia-Retamero, Cokely, & Maldonado, 2012), as well as increase risk avoidance (Schirillo & Stone, 2005). Finally, risk information presented via visual aids is perceived to be easier to understand (Goodyear-Smith et al, 2008) and recall (Gaissmaier et al, 2011).…”

Section: Using Visual Aids To Reduce Framing Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On avoiding framing effects in experienced decision makers

García‐Retamero

Dhami

2013

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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The present study aimed to (a) demonstrate the effect of positive–negative framing on experienced criminal justice decision makers, (b) examine the debiasing effect of visually structured risk messages, and (c) investigate whether risk perceptions mediate the debiasing effect of visual aids on decision making. In two phases, 60 senior police officers estimated the accuracy of a counterterrorism technique in identifying whether a known terror suspect poses an imminent danger and decided whether they would recommend the technique to policy makers. Officers also rated their confidence in this recommendation. When information about the effectiveness of the counterterrorism technique was presented in a numerical format, officers' perceptions of accuracy and recommendation decisions were susceptible to the framing effect: The technique was perceived to be more accurate and was more likely to be recommended when its effectiveness was presented in a positive than in a negative frame. However, when the information was represented visually using icon arrays, there were no such framing effects. Finally, perceptions of accuracy mediated the debiasing effect of visual aids on recommendation decisions. We offer potential explanations for the debiasing effect of visual aids and implications for communicating risk to experienced, professional decision makers.

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“…70,71 In addition, risk information presented via visual aids is perceived as easier to understand 72,73 and has been shown to substantially increase risk avoidance. 74 What is still an open question is whether visual aids can reduce framing effects. Which visual aids, if any, are particularly effective has also not been investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%