The great primate debate

Goodman, Sally; Check, Erika

doi:10.1038/417684a

Cited by 57 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…The brain is large enough for conventional MRI and PET scanning procedures Cumming et al 2001;Watanabe et al 2001;Dall et al 2002). The minipig is affordable, compared with non-human primates, easily handled and its use potentially avoids some of the ethical considerations concerning the use of primates as laboratory animals (Goodman and Check 2002). Additionally, we recently showed that the pig model enables the use of human electrodes and stimulators (Bjarkam et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anatomy of the porcine subthalamic nucleus evaluated with immunohistochemistry and design-based stereology

et al. 2004

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This study provides a light-microscopic description of the organization, morphology and number of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of the Göttingen minipig. It is based on histological material stained with Nissl, Golgi and autometallographic techniques, and employs design-based stereological estimation of the total neuron number. The organization of several neurotransmitters in the STN has been evaluated in histological preparations stained for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and immunostained for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and glutamate. In all of the stained preparations the STN appeared as a distinct lens-shaped structure located in the caudal diencephalon, medial to the internal capsule and ventrolateral to the zona incerta. Rostrally, the STN approached the globus pallidus pars interna, whereas caudally the ventromedial part of the STN was adjacent to the rostral part of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), where some of the neurons of the two nuclei merged. The neurons in the STN had medium-sized (25-40 microm) ovoid or fusiform cell bodies, from which three to six large dendrites emanated in a direction predominantly parallel to the long axis of the STN. Immunohistochemistry revealed that most of the subthalamic neurons were glutamatergic and differed significantly in appearance from the large stellate TH-positive cells of the adjacent SNc. Numerous TH-positive bouton-rich fibers traversed the STN. The GAD-staining revealed a large number of terminals within the boundaries of the STN. The STN was highly AChE-positive, reflecting a prominent innervation by ChAT-positive terminals. The total number of subthalamic neurons in one hemisphere was estimated to be approximately 56,000. We conclude that the neuroarchitecture of the porcine STN is similar to primates, including humans, and appears well-suited for further studies examining the role of the STN in movement disorders.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anatomy of the porcine subthalamic nucleus evaluated with immunohistochemistry and design-based stereology

et al. 2004

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“…PVS patients, anencephalic infants). When Goodman and Check (2002), in their review of the debate about the use of the so-called higher primates in research, point out that the very characteristics that make primates desirable research subjects also triggers questions about the ethical justification of the practice, they are emphasizing the influence of these types of considerations.…”

Section: Kantian or Deontological Theoriesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Given the continued degree of contention inherent in the debate, it has been increasingly recognized that as researchers, we need to improve our sophistication about the ethical issues in question and scientifically and ethically evaluate our use of animals (Gluck and Kubacki 1991;Goodman and Check 2002). In this paper we will address this situation by reviewing three areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Ethical issues in the use of animals in biomedical and psychopharmocological research

Gluck

Bell

2003

Psychopharmacology

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In summary, regardless of the ethical perspective one favors, there is strong agreement that animals matter morally and that at a minimum their welfare must be considered. This position is reflected in the structure of national regulatory schemes that emphasize the three Rs (replacement, reduction, refinement). Researchers should more actively participate in the discussion by becoming more knowledgeable about the details of the ethical issues. Research with animal models has been problematic in that it has often focused on attempting to produce global models of psychiatric disorders, which suffer from inherent validity problems. Researchers must also become more sophisticated about issues of model validation and the nature of the animals they use.

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“…Recent ethical concerns have made the use of nonhuman primate animal models in experimental stereotactic procedures extremely difficult [12] . In this study, we examine the feasibility of using the Göttingen minipig as an alternative to the nonhuman primate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…40 mm 3 ) and distribution similar to the Macaca mulata facilitating the implantation and preclinical examination of human-sized devices with subsequent evaluation of experimental procedures using imaging methods [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or positron emission tomography]. Further, both an acute and chronic MPTP model for Parkinson's disease (PD) have been established and stereotactic equipment developed [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . The common stereotactic space previously established for the Göttingen minipig was defined using an MRI template derived from averaging 22 MR images matched using only linear registration [20,21] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining the Intercommissural Plane and Stereotactic Coordinates for the Basal Ganglia in the Göttingen Minipig Brain

Rosendal

Chakravarty²,

Sunde³

et al. 2010

Stereotact Funct Neurosurg

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The intercommissural line joining the anterior and posterior commissures defines stereotactic coordinate systems used in functional neurosurgical procedures. Such coordinate systems are generally accepted in humans and nonhuman primate experimental settings and provide high stereotactic precision and reproducibility. The ethical concern surrounding the use of nonhuman primates has motivated and helped popularize the use of the Göttingen minipig as an alternative experimental model for experimental functional neurosurgery. We investigated the position and variability of the intercommissural line in the minipig brain using in vivo MRI. From these data, standard coordinates for the minipig basal ganglia were estimated. We found the variability of the intercommissural line to be small in the Göttingen minipig and the variability of the basal ganglia structures to the mid-commissural point to be minor.

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The great primate debate

Cited by 57 publications

References 0 publications

The anatomy of the porcine subthalamic nucleus evaluated with immunohistochemistry and design-based stereology

The anatomy of the porcine subthalamic nucleus evaluated with immunohistochemistry and design-based stereology

Ethical issues in the use of animals in biomedical and psychopharmocological research

Defining the Intercommissural Plane and Stereotactic Coordinates for the Basal Ganglia in the Göttingen Minipig Brain

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