The Great American Biotic Interchange in frogs: Multiple and early colonization of Central America by the South American genus Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae)
“…3; Table 3). This idea supports the south-to-north diversification pattern (Doan, 2003;Goicoechea et al, 2012;Chaves et al, 2011) that fit groups such as Stenocercus Torres-Carvajal, 2007), Pristimantis (Pinto-Sánchez et al, 2012), and Tournefortia (Luebert et al, 2011), as has been seen in Adelomya or Proctoporus (Doan, 2003;Chaves et al, 2011). Diversification at the rhythm of the Andean uplift as it is proposed in the south-to-north speciation hypothesis (Doan, 2003;Goicoechea et al, 2012;Chaves et al, 2011) may explain the fit of the hypothesis with origin: Central Andes and pattern: Highlands to Lowlands.…”
Aim To identify the possible pattern(s) of diversification, occurring in the North AndeanBlock and the correspondence of the geological scenario to the diversification.Location North Andean Block (NAB) and adjacent areas.Methods We used 637 species from six taxonomic classes to estimate phylogenetic relationships, divergence times, dispersal-vicariance events, and ancestral distributions.We assessed four hypotheses that explain the diversification in the NAB. For each hypothesis, we specified: three sets of unequal rates of dispersal between areas and a temporal stratification, containing four-time intervals for the Miocene.
“…3; Table 3). This idea supports the south-to-north diversification pattern (Doan, 2003;Goicoechea et al, 2012;Chaves et al, 2011) that fit groups such as Stenocercus Torres-Carvajal, 2007), Pristimantis (Pinto-Sánchez et al, 2012), and Tournefortia (Luebert et al, 2011), as has been seen in Adelomya or Proctoporus (Doan, 2003;Chaves et al, 2011). Diversification at the rhythm of the Andean uplift as it is proposed in the south-to-north speciation hypothesis (Doan, 2003;Goicoechea et al, 2012;Chaves et al, 2011) may explain the fit of the hypothesis with origin: Central Andes and pattern: Highlands to Lowlands.…”
Aim To identify the possible pattern(s) of diversification, occurring in the North AndeanBlock and the correspondence of the geological scenario to the diversification.Location North Andean Block (NAB) and adjacent areas.Methods We used 637 species from six taxonomic classes to estimate phylogenetic relationships, divergence times, dispersal-vicariance events, and ancestral distributions.We assessed four hypotheses that explain the diversification in the NAB. For each hypothesis, we specified: three sets of unequal rates of dispersal between areas and a temporal stratification, containing four-time intervals for the Miocene.
“…It involved significant dispersal episodes of a number of taxa between North and South America [1], including mammals [2], [3], birds [4], [5], reptiles and amphibians [6], [7], arthropods [8], [9], and freshwater fishes [10]. The reorganization of faunal assemblages resulting from this biotic upheaval is most strikingly observable in the mammalian fossil record [11].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Molecular phylogenies constitute a critical component that can shed light on the timing of divergence and spatial patterns of diversification that otherwise would not be possible due to the fragmentary nature of the mammalian (and other groups) fossil records. Phylogenetic comparative methods have been employed to address key evolutionary questions about the tempo and mode of evolution of several taxa involved in the biotic interchange between North and South America (e.g., [5], [6]). Likewise, recent meta-analyses of molecular dating studies indicate that plant and animal dispersal across the Isthmus of Panama occurred prior to the complete formation of the land bridge [56].…”
The Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI) was greatly influenced by the completion of the Isthmus of Panama and impacted the composition of modern faunal assemblages in the Americas. However, the contribution of preceding events has been comparatively less explored, even though early immigrants in the fossil records are evidence for waif dispersals. The cricetid rodents of the subfamily Sigmodontinae are a classic example of a species-rich South American radiation resulting from an early episode of North American invasion. Here, we provide a temporal and spatial framework to address key aspects of the historical biogeography and diversification of this diverse mammal group by using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA datasets coupled with methods of divergence time estimation, ancestral area reconstruction and comparative phylogenetics. Relaxed-clock time estimates indicate that divergence of the Sigmodontinae began in the middle–late Miocene (ca. 12–9 Ma). Dispersal-vicariance analyses point to the arrival of a single lineage of northern invaders with a widespread ancestral distribution and imply that the initial differentiation between Central and South America gave rise to the most basal groups within the subfamily. These two major clades diversified in the late Miocene followed by the radiation of main tribes until the early Pliocene. Within the Oryzomyalia, tribes diverged initially in eastern South America whereas multiple dispersals into the Andes promoted further diversification of the majority of modern genera. A comparatively uniform background tempo of diversification explains the species richness of sigmodontines across most nodes, except for two akodontine genera with recent increases in diversification rates. The bridging of the Central American seaway and episodes of low sea levels likely facilitated the invasion of South America long before the onset of the post-Isthmian phase of the GABI.
“…It originated in the early to mid-Paleogene in Andean South America (Pinto-Sánchez et al 2012; Pyron 2014) and represents the bulk of anuran diversity in the tropical Andes, a global biodiversity hotspot. The wide distributional range of Pristimantis could be a consequence of having terrestrial eggs, an evolutionary innovation that could allow the colonization of new ecological niches unreachable for frogs that depend on water for their reproduction (Gomez-Mestre et al 2012).…”
We describe two new species of frogs of the genus Pristimantis from the eastern slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes, at Parque Nacional Llanganates. The new species are characterized by the spiny appearance typical of several species inhabiting montane forests. Pristimantis
yanezi
sp. n. is most similar to Pristimantis
colonensis and Pristimantis
incanus but differs from both in groin coloration and by having smaller tubercles on the upper eyelids, heels, and tarsus. Pristimantis
llanganati
sp. n. is most similar to Pristimantis
eriphus and Pristimantis
chloronotus. It can be distinguished from Pristimantis
eriphus by the color pattern on the scapular region and by having smaller conical tubercles on the dorsum. Pristimantis
chloronotus differs from Pristimantis
llanganati
sp. n. in having a pair of sinuous paravertebral folds. Both new species occur in a region with few amphibian collections and nothing is known about their abundance and ecology. Therefore, it is recommended to assign them to the Data Deficient Red List category. Updated figures of species richness of Pristimantis among biogeographic regions in Ecuador are also presented. Pristimantis reach their highest diversity in Montane Forests of the eastern versant of the Andes. Its species richness across regions cannot be explained by regional area, elevation, temperature, or precipitation. Political endemism in Pristimantis is higher than that of other terrestrial vertebrates.
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