The grand challenge of food security - general lessons from a comprehensive approach to protecting stored grain from insect pests in Australia and India

Walter, Gimme H.; Chandrasekaran, Sriram; Collins, Patrick J.; Jagadeesan, Rajeswaran; Mohankumar, S.; Ebert, Paul R.; Daglish, Gregory J.; Nayak, Manoj K.; Mohan, S.; Srivastava, Chitra; Chadda, I.C.; Rajagopal, A.; Reid, R.; Subramanian, S.

doi:10.5958/0974-8172.2016.00020.1

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Historically, the ability to store and distribute food grains has been the foundation of urbanization, as urban societies depend on the effective supply of grains throughout the year. Hence, food grains must be safely stored, after harvesting at specific times of the year, to ensure supply throughout the remainder of the year [ 2 ]. The estimated global production of cereal grains in 2017 was 2,593 million metric tons (MMT).…”

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confidence: 99%

Influence of Temperature and Water Activity on Deleterious Fungi and Mycotoxin Production during Grain Storage

2017

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Cereal grains are the most important food source for humans. As the global population continues to grow exponentially, the need for the enhanced yield and minimal loss of agricultural crops, mainly cereal grains, is increasing. In general, harvested grains are stored for specific time periods to guarantee their continuous supply throughout the year. During storage, economic losses due to reduction in quality and quantity of grains can become very significant. Grain loss is usually the result of its deterioration due to fungal contamination that can occur from preharvest to postharvest stages. The deleterious fungi can be classified based on predominance at different stages of crop growth and harvest that are affected by environmental factors such as water activity (aw) and eco-physiological requirements. These fungi include species such as those belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium that can produce mycotoxins harmful to animals and humans. The grain type and condition, environment, and biological factors can also influence the occurrence and predominance of mycotoxigenic fungi in stored grains. The main environmental factors influencing grain fungi and mycotoxins are temperature and aw. This review discusses the effects of temperature and aw on fungal growth and mycotoxin production in stored grains. The focus is on the occurrence and optimum and minimum growth requirements for grain fungi and mycotoxin production. The environmental influence on aflatoxin production and hypothesized mechanisms of its molecular suppression in response to environmental changes are also discussed. In addition, the use of controlled or modified atmosphere as an environmentally safe alternative to harmful agricultural chemicals is discussed and recommended future research issues are highlighted.

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Influence of Temperature and Water Activity on Deleterious Fungi and Mycotoxin Production during Grain Storage

2017

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“…For instance, while being primarily an agricultural nation, China annually loses 40 million tonnes of grain -or 8.8% of its overall output -to a variety of insect pests [4]. India produces 250 million tonnes of grain annually on average, but due to pests and other factors, it loses 11 to 15 percent of that amount, or 27.5 to 37.5 million tonnes annually [5]. Pesticides are frequently used to manage household and agricultural pests in order to prevent these losses [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rejuvenation of Pesticide Polluted Soil from the Isolated Microbial Flora of Agricultural Field

Sivakumar

2023

AJSAT

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The widespread use of pesticides leads to imbalances in the qualities of soil, water, and air environments. Pesticides can only be broken down more quickly by combining microbial consortia of native and naturally occurring bacteria isolated from certain polluted environments. To rejuvenate the pesticide polluted soil, the samples was collected and microbial flora were isolated from the soil samples. These floras were introduced into the three pesticides like Carbaryl, Monocrotophos and Malathion (CMM) for the biodegradation activity. Standard microbiological protocols were followed to isolate the microbial flora from the collected soil samples. The isolated microbial strains were confirmed with the isolation of genomic DNA. The biodegradation of pesticides such as Carbaryl, Monocrotophos and Malathion (CMM) were performed with the isolated strains. The bacterial strains such as Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp and Micrococcus sp; actinomycetes – Azatobacter; fungal species such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Gliocladium sp and Humicola sp were isolated from the agricultural field. Among these Bacillus sp showed highest biodegradation activity against the three pesticides. These investigations screened the best microorganism for several pesticides, including carbaryl, Monocrotophos, and Malathion (CMM), the best degradation methods, and the best degradation environment, providing a more practical reference for subsequent study.

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“…From the last 20th century the overall global production of grain has increased from 500 million tons to 700 million tons [1]. However India alone produces 250 million tons of grain but it also losses 11 to 15% of total produced grains per year due to the pests attack and by some other causes [2]. To prevent such losses and to achieve the food targets, farmers have adopted to use hybrid seeds, systematic irrigation and application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential proteomic analysis under pesticides stress and normal conditions in Bacillus cereus 2D

Gangola

Joshi²,

Kumar

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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A potential pesticide degrading bacterial isolate (2D), showing maximum tolerance (450 mg∙L-1) for cypermethrin, fipronil, imidacloprid and sulfosulfuron was recovered from a pesticide contaminated agricultural field. The isolate degraded cypermethrin, imidacloprid, fipronil and sulfosulfuron in minimal salt medium with 94, 91, 89 and 86% respectively as revealed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) analysis after 15 days of incubation. Presence of cyclobutane, pyrrolidine, chloroacetic acid, formic acid and decyl ester as major intermediate metabolites of cypermethrin biodegradation was observed in gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results based on 16S rDNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis showed maximum similarity of 2D with Bacillus cereus (Accession ID: MH341691). Stress responsive and catabolic/pesticide degrading proteins were over expressed in the presence of cypermethrin in bacteria. Enzymatic kinetics of laccase was deduced in the test isolate under normal and pesticide stress conditions which suggested that the production of enzyme was induced significantly in pesticide stress (163 μg.μL-1) as compare to normal conditions(29 μg.μL-1) while the Km value was decreased in pesticides stress condition (Km = 10.57 mM) and increases in normal condition (Km = 14.33 mM).Amplification of laccase gene showed a major band of 1200bp. The present study highlights on the potential of 2D bacterial strain i.e., high tolerance level of pesticide, effective biodegradation rate, and presence of laccase gene in bacterial strain 2D, could become a potential biological agent for large-scale treatment of mixture of pesticide (cypermethrin, fipronil, imidacloprid and sulfosulfuron) in natural environment (soil and water).

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The grand challenge of food security - general lessons from a comprehensive approach to protecting stored grain from insect pests in Australia and India

Cited by 17 publications

References 22 publications

Influence of Temperature and Water Activity on Deleterious Fungi and Mycotoxin Production during Grain Storage

Influence of Temperature and Water Activity on Deleterious Fungi and Mycotoxin Production during Grain Storage

Rejuvenation of Pesticide Polluted Soil from the Isolated Microbial Flora of Agricultural Field

Differential proteomic analysis under pesticides stress and normal conditions in Bacillus cereus 2D

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