The Gram Stain

Bartholomew, J. W.; Mittwer, Tod

doi:10.1128/mmbr.16.1.1-29.1952

Cited by 102 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Flavobacterium psychrophilum identification.-Purified cultures of yellow-pigmented bacteria were initially tested for catalase activity (3% hydrogen peroxide), the presence of flexirubintype pigments (3% potassium hydroxide), and Gram reaction using both the string test (Whitman 2004) and the Gram stain assay (Bartholomew and Mittwer 1952). Bacterial isolates that possessed the morphological characteristics of F. psychrophilum Nematollahi et al 2003) and that were positive for both catalase activity and flexirubin-type pigments were further examined by using a F. psychrophilum-specific PCR assay targeting a partial sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (Toyama et al 1994).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavobacterium psychrophilum Infections in Salmonid Broodstock and Hatchery‐Propagated Stocks of the Great Lakes Basin

2015

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Bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD), caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum, threatens wild and propagated salmonids worldwide and leads to substantial economic losses. In addition to being horizontally transmitted, F. psychrophilum can be passed from infected parents to their progeny, furthering the negative impacts of this pathogen. In Michigan, both feral and captive salmonid broodstocks are the gamete sources used in fishery propagation efforts. A 5-year study was initiated to follow the prevalence of systemic F. psychrophilum infections in feral broodstocks of four species (steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss [potadromous Rainbow Trout]; Coho Salmon O. kisutch; Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha; and Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar) residing in three Great Lakes watersheds. Additionally, captive broodstocks of four species (Rainbow Trout, Brown Trout Salmo trutta, Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush, and Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis) maintained at two facilities were assessed for the presence of F. psychrophilum. The resultant offspring from each broodstock population were sampled for F. psychrophilum infections multiple times throughout hatchery residency. Using selective flavobacterial culture and PCR confirmation, F. psychrophilum was detected in all broodstocks except the captive Lake Trout and Brook Trout. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that among the infected feral broodstocks, Chinook Salmon from the Lake Michigan watershed had the highest prevalence of systemic F. psychrophilum infection (mean = 63.2%). Among the captive broodstocks, the Gilchrist Creek strain of Brown Trout had the highest infection prevalence (mean = 5%). Collectively, the captive broodstocks were found to have significantly lower infection prevalence than the feral broodstocks. Despite the high prevalence of systemic F. psychrophilum infections in many broodstock populations, the bacterium was rarely detected in their progeny during hatchery rearing. However, heavy losses associated with clinical BCWD outbreaks did occur. Collectively, our results reinforce that BCWD continues to threaten Great Lakes basin salmonids.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavobacterium psychrophilum Infections in Salmonid Broodstock and Hatchery‐Propagated Stocks of the Great Lakes Basin

2015

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“…This turned out to be a nontrivial problem. Hans Christian Gram, a Danish bacteriologist, devised a staining procedure that allowed him to observe bacteria under the light microscope (45). Since then, his technique has been widely adopted and used to classify bacteria into two categories: the Gram‐positive and the Gram‐negative (45).…”

Section: β‐Lactam Mechanism Of Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hans Christian Gram, a Danish bacteriologist, devised a staining procedure that allowed him to observe bacteria under the light microscope (45). Since then, his technique has been widely adopted and used to classify bacteria into two categories: the Gram‐positive and the Gram‐negative (45). Although a variety of distinguishing features or chemical differences in eubacteria have been suggested as being important for differentiating Gram‐positive vs Gram‐negative organisms (45), it is apparent that the murein content of the cell wall is the primary differentiating architecture (46).…”

Section: β‐Lactam Mechanism Of Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beta‐lactam antibiotics: from antibiosis to resistance and bacteriology

Kong¹,

Schneper

Mathee

2009

APMIS

356

295

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SUMMARYThis review focuses on the era of antibiosis that led to a better understanding of bacterial morphology, in particlar the cell wall component peptidoglycan. This is an effort to take readers on a tour de force from the concept of antibiosis, to the serepidity of antibiotics, evolution of betalactam development, and the molecular biology of antibiotic resistance. These areas of research have culminated in a deeper understanding of microbiology, particularly in the area of bacterial cell wall synthesis and recycling. In spite of this knowledge, which has enabled design of new even more effective therapeutics to combat bacterial infection and has provided new research tools, antibiotic resistance remains a worldwide health care problem.

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“…They are detected via the selective gram staining procedure (Bartholomew and Mittwer 1952). Specifically, gram-positive cell walls consist of a thick (from 20 to 80 nm) and homogeneous layer of peptidoglycan, surrounding the cytoplasmic membrane (Willey et al 2014).…”

Section: The Bacterial Cell Structure and Its Electrical Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induced polarization applied to biogeophysics: recent advances and future prospects

Kessouri

Furman

Huisman

et al. 2019

Near Surface Geophysics

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This paper provides an update on the fast‐evolving field of the induced polarization method applied to biogeophysics. It emphasizes recent advances in the understanding of the induced polarization signals stemming from biological materials and their activity, points out new developments and applications, and identifies existing knowledge gaps. The focus of this review is on the application of induced polarization to study living organisms: soil microorganisms and plants (both roots and stems). We first discuss observed links between the induced polarization signal and microbial cell structure, activity and biofilm formation. We provide an up‐to‐date conceptual model of the electrical behaviour of the microbial cells and biofilms under the influence of an external electrical field. We also review the latest biogeophysical studies, including work on hydrocarbon biodegradation, contaminant sequestration, soil strengthening and peatland characterization. We then elaborate on the induced polarization signature of the plant‐root zone, relying on a conceptual model for the generation of biogeophysical signals from a plant‐root cell. First laboratory experiments show that single roots and root system are highly polarizable. They also present encouraging results for imaging root systems embedded in a medium, and gaining information on the mass density distribution, the structure or the physiological characteristics of root systems. In addition, we highlight the application of induced polarization to characterize wood and tree structures through tomography of the stem. Finally, we discuss up‐ and down‐scaling between laboratory and field studies, as well as joint interpretation of induced polarization and other environmental data. We emphasize the need for intermediate‐scale studies and the benefits of using induced polarization as a time‐lapse monitoring method. We conclude with the promising integration of induced polarization in interdisciplinary mechanistic models to better understand and quantify subsurface biogeochemical processes.

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The Gram Stain

Cited by 102 publications

References 53 publications

Flavobacterium psychrophilum Infections in Salmonid Broodstock and Hatchery‐Propagated Stocks of the Great Lakes Basin

Flavobacterium psychrophilum Infections in Salmonid Broodstock and Hatchery‐Propagated Stocks of the Great Lakes Basin

Beta‐lactam antibiotics: from antibiosis to resistance and bacteriology

Induced polarization applied to biogeophysics: recent advances and future prospects

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