The Grain for Green Program Intensifies Trade-Offs between Ecosystem Services in Midwestern Shanxi, China

Hu, Baoan; Zhang, Zhijie; Han, Hairong; Li, Zuzheng; Cheng, Xiaoqin; Wu, Huifeng

doi:10.3390/rs13193966

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Here, by understanding the spatial–temporal associations among ESs and their driving factors, increased synergy and reduced trade‐offs among ESs can be achieved, thus increasing NPP (Zhang et al, 2020). For example, GFG seems the most effective way to increase NPP, but overextended GFG has increased trade‐offs between NPP and other ESs, especially in water‐scarce areas (Figure 7) (He et al, 2020; Hu et al, 2021; Wang, Yang, et al, 2007). Moreover, the large‐scale afforestation has aggravated soil water scarcity and formed dry soil layers, which resulted in a low survival rate of trees (Yan et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, correlations or hot and cold spots analysis can be used to analyze the tradeoffs between NPP and other ESs (Lü, 2019; Zheng et al, 2016). A few researchers have explored tradeoff mechanisms driven by anthropogenic factors, such as ecological restoration projects, for example, the ESs and trade‐offs in the karst area of China have changed dramatically driven by GFG (Wang et al, 2020), and the GFG Program may intensify trade‐offs between different ESs (Hu et al, 2021). However, the complex effects of different SWCPs on vegetation carbon sequestration dynamics remain poorly understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interactions between the Grain‐for‐Green Program and check dams increased vegetation carbon sequestration in the Yanhe basin, Loess Plateau

et al. 2023

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Vegetation carbon sequestration, usually expressed by net primary production (NPP), is an important ecosystem service (ES) to mitigate global warming. Multiple soil and water conservation projects (SWCPs) have been implemented to restore disturbed ecosystems on the Loess Plateau (LP), as one of the most eroded areas in the world.However, responses of NPP to the conservation projects are unclear due to trade-offs between NPP and other ESs. Herein, we quantified NPP and other key ESs (i.e., water yield, soil conservation, and crop production) and the spatio-temporal trade-offs among them, using RS/GIS techniques and ecosystem modelling in the Yanhe basin of the LP from 1990 to 2020. Furthermore, the structural equation model was used to quantify the impact of ecological restoration projects and programmes such as check dams, terraces, and the Grain-for-Green (GFG) on NPP. As shown by our results, NPP reached 457 t ha À1 in 2020, which was twice what it was in 1990. Moreover, we found increasing trade-offs between NPP and other ESs at sub-basin scale. Specifically, 63% of NPP changes were explained by ESs and SWCPs. The combined action of check dams and GFG can promote NPP and balance trade-offs between NPP and other ESs, while terracing decreases NPP indirectly according to its specific soil and climate conditions. Overall, the main findings provide a better understanding of the interacting processes of multi-projects that influence vegetation carbon sequestration and the sustainable utilization of ESs in hill and gully regions of the LP.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between the Grain‐for‐Green Program and check dams increased vegetation carbon sequestration in the Yanhe basin, Loess Plateau

et al. 2023

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“…Researchers have made efforts to analyze how the GFGP has affected environmental restoration [26,[43][44][45][46]. A widely used approach to analyze the effect of GFGP is using scenario simulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Impact of Grain-for-Green Program on Trade-Offs and Synergies among Ecosystem Services in West Liao River Basin, China

Yang

Tang

et al. 2023

Remote Sensing

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Natural ecosystems of the West Liao River basin (WLRB) in northeast China have been damaged by both natural and human factors from the 1990s. Since 2000, China’s Grain-for-Green Program (GFGP) has been widely adopted with the aim of improving ecosystem services. An accurate evaluation of the eco-hydrological effects for policy implementation is essential to provide references for further restoration of ecosystem services. This study quantified and characterized the ecosystem services and their trade-offs/synergies using models and statistical methods in the WLRB from 1990 to 2020. Moreover, the impact of key drivers on ecosystem services was evaluated by the difference-in-differences model. Among them, the study mainly investigated how GFGP affects ecosystem services. The results confirmed that the water yield, carbon sequestration, habitat quality, and total ecosystem service of the WLRB decreased in the pre-GFGP period (1990–2000). However, this tendency was reversed in the regions where the GFGP was implemented during the period of 2001–2020. Furthermore, a synergistic relationship was shown among carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and habitat quality. Additionally, there were tradeoffs between water yield and the other three ecosystem services, especially in mountain areas. The GFGP could restore carbon sequestration, habitat quality, and total ecosystem services by 1.3%, 2.1%, and 0.6%, respectively. Nevertheless, GFCP may enlarge the tradeoff and imbalance between water yield and habitat quality. Results highlight the need for the governance of ecosystem protection and suggest natural restoration in the mountain area for maintaining water yield and helping ecosystem restoration. Timely adjustment of the policy implementation areas is the key to improving and balancing multiple ecosystem services in the future.

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“…ESs are the benefits and well-being that people derive from natural ecosystems and serve as a bridge between natural and social ecosystems (Costanza et al, 1997;Fu et al, 2015;Peng et al, 2017). Protecting, restoring, and promoting the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems is one of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Cord et al, 2017;Gong et al, 2019;Hu et al, 2021). Ignoring the trade-offs and synergies between ESs may threaten ecosystem security and stability (Haase et al, 2012;Morán-Ordóez et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rural transformation, urbanization and human activities are key indicators of socioeconomic development and directly influence land use patterns and the extent of utilization Han et al, 2020;Tian et al, 2020). Some studies also explored the impact of the implementation of China's environmental protection policies, such as the Grain for Green Project, Natural Forest Conservation Program, and Prohibition of Grazing and Cutting, on the relationships between ESs (Huang et al, 2019;He et al, 2020;Hu et al, 2021). These studies laid the foundations for further analysis of ES relationships.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional ecosystem services relationships and their potential driving factors in the Yellow River Basin, China

2023

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The Yellow River Basin (YRB) occupies an important position in China's socioeconomic development and ecological conservation efforts. Understanding the spatiotemporal characteristics of the relationships among multiple ecosystem services (ESs) and their drivers is crucial for regional sustainable development and human-earth system coordination. This study simulated food production (FP), water yield (WY), net primary production (NPP), soil conservation (SC), and habitat quality (HQ) in the YRB from 2000 to 2020, and evaluated the spatial evolution and the relationship of ESs at the raster scale. Redundancy analysis was used to identify the impact of natural, socioeconomic, and landscape patterns on the relationship between ESs. The results demonstrated that the average HQ per unit area decreased by 18.10%, while SC, NPP, WY, and FP increased by 42.68%, 47.63%, 30.82%, and 67.10%, respectively, from 2000 to 2020. The relationship between ESs in the YRB was dominated by weak trade-offs and weak synergies at a temporal scale, with the trade-offs strengthened in the Upper Yellow River Basin (UYRB) and the Middle Yellow River Basin (MYRB), and synergies strengthened in the Lower Yellow River Basin (LYRB). At the spatial scale, the relationships between HQ and WY, HQ and SC, HQ and NPP, FP and SC, and FP and HQ were all dominated by trade-offs, while other ES pairs were mostly based on synergistic relationships. In the YRB, the relationships among ESs were mainly influenced by human disturbance, precipitation, and land-use and exploitation intensity. Specifically, the trade-offs among ESs in the UYRB were primarily affected by precipitation, and those in the MYRB and LYRB by human disturbance. The heterogeneity of the landscape could also effectively promote synergies among ESs. This study could provide insights into trade-offs and synergies among ESs and their driving forces and lay a foundation for ecological restoration and sustainable development of ESs in the YRB.

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The Grain for Green Program Intensifies Trade-Offs between Ecosystem Services in Midwestern Shanxi, China

Cited by 17 publications

References 69 publications

Interactions between the Grain‐for‐Green Program and check dams increased vegetation carbon sequestration in the Yanhe basin, Loess Plateau

Interactions between the Grain‐for‐Green Program and check dams increased vegetation carbon sequestration in the Yanhe basin, Loess Plateau

Exploring the Impact of Grain-for-Green Program on Trade-Offs and Synergies among Ecosystem Services in West Liao River Basin, China

Regional ecosystem services relationships and their potential driving factors in the Yellow River Basin, China

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