The Golden Shield Project of China: A Decade Later—An in-Depth Study of the Great Firewall

Chandel, Sonali; Jingji, Zang; Yunnan, Yu; Jingyao, Sun; Zhang, Zhipeng

doi:10.1109/cyberc.2019.00027

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Moreover, there is nothing close to a free press anymore, leaving companies vulnerable to whatever line, positive or critical, that state media adopts and that China's rapid-fire social media censorship allows. China's internet censorship, known popularly as the Great Firewall (and more officially as the Golden Shield Project), has been implemented and refined since 2008, effectively blocking any sources of outside information the government deems undesirable, including most Western news and social media sites (Chandel, Jingji, Yunnan, Jingyao, & Zhipeng, 2019).…”

Section: Weak Rule Of Law and General Lack Of Transparencymentioning

confidence: 99%

A wider‐aperture lens for global strategic management: The multinational enterprise in a bifurcated global economy

Teece

2022

Global Strategy Journal

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Research Summary The growth of China and President Xi's policies have transformed the global economy in ways that global strategy and international business (IB) scholars have yet to reflect fully in their research. The global economy is increasingly bifurcated between a China‐centered authoritarian system and a market‐oriented democratic system, generating complications and perils largely unknown since the end of the Cold War. The global business environment now bears faint resemblance to existing models in IB. To properly analyze the new reality, global strategy and IB scholars need to adopt a wider‐aperture, systems‐theoretic view that will require the cross‐fertilization of ideas and collaboration with other disciplines such as international political economy. This engagement will allow the development of more broadly based frameworks, theories, and models that can assist decision makers in the private and public sectors. Managerial Summary Strategic rivalry between China and the West requires managers to face a new reckoning. China remains the world's factory, but it has a tenuous relationship to even‐handed rules of law, both domestically and internationally. China leverages access to its market and has aligned with other autocratic countries to reshape the world order. Many firms have straddled the divide and tried to play by two sets of rules. This is not viable longer term. The strategic decisions of Western firms, particularly those involved with advanced and, especially, dual‐use technologies, are consequential to the future of democracy. A systemic view of the long‐term health of the enterprise may reveal the need to choose. Choosing democracy means, at minimum, guarding intellectual property, enhancing organizational capabilities, coordinating with peers, and protecting national security.

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Section: Weak Rule Of Law and General Lack Of Transparencymentioning

confidence: 99%

A wider‐aperture lens for global strategic management: The multinational enterprise in a bifurcated global economy

Teece

2022

Global Strategy Journal

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“…84 Many foreign websites, including Google, Twitter, and YouTube, are inaccessible to Chinese users, who instead use domestic equivalents such as Baidu (replacing Google) and Sina Weibo (replacing Twitter). 85 Relative to China and Russia, the United Kingdom currently regulates its domestic internet very lightly. This looks set to change.…”

Section: Defending Against Itmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Disinformation Age: Toward a Net Assessment of the United Kingdom’s Cognitive Domain

Ottewell¹

2022

ExpwMCUP

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This article analyzes the territory in which the battle of strategic narratives is fought—the cognitive domain—and the nature of the battle itself—cognitive warfare. It exposes three asymmetries between the United Kingdom, Russia and China. These are: (1) the maturity of cognitive warfare doctrine; (2) the ease with which cognitive warfare can be waged vice defended against; and (3) that illiberal states enjoy greater freedom of maneuver in the cognitive domain than their liberal competitors. These asymmetries combine toward a strategic diagnosis that China and Russia are approaching overmatch of the United Kingdom in its cognitive domain, with implications for the latter’s security. Scholars and practitioners facing similar challenges elsewhere may benefit from examining the situation in the United Kingdom.

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“…Some may merely wish to prevent their personal data from being accessible by big tech corporations (e.g., Google and Facebook) or government entities that track web traffic (Normile, 2017), others may have concerns about the ability of their ISP to protect their information (Ikram et al, 2016; Zhipeng et al, 2018), and yet others are engaged in activities that are unethical or illegitimate (e.g., hacking and spamming) and purposefully wish to maintain web anonymity (Van der Wagen & Pieters, 2015; Volz & Tau, 2020). It is also common to use a VPN to make it appear as though one’s web traffic originates from a different geographic location (e.g., a user located in China may use a VPN to falsely present an IP address associated with a U.S.-based location; Chandel et al, 2019; Normile, 2017). Regardless of the reason, accessing the internet through such a proxy changes the device’s IP address and the information that can be attained from it because the user now accesses the broader internet from the proxy’s intranet rather than the ISP’s intranet.…”

Section: Internet Protocol Addresses Internet Protocol Threat Scores ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting false identities: A solution to improve web-based surveys and research on leadership and health/well-being.

Bernerth¹,

Aguinis²,

Taylor³

2021

Journal of Occupational Health Psychology

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A challenge for leadership and health/well-being research and applications relying on web-based data collection is false identities-cases where participants are not members of the targeted population. To address this challenge, we investigated the effectiveness of a new approach consisting of using internet protocol (IP) address analysis to enhance the validity of web-based research involving constructs relevant in leadership and health/well-being research (e.g., leader-member exchange [LMX], physical [health] symptoms, job satisfaction, workplace stressors, and task performance). Specifically, we used study participants' IP addresses to gather information on their IP threat scores and internet service providers (ISPs). We then used IP threat scores and ISPs to distinguish between two types of respondents: (a) targeted and (b) nontargeted. Results of an empirical study involving nearly 1,000 participants showed that using information obtained from IP addresses to distinguish targeted from nontargeted participants resulted in data with fewer missed instructed-response items, higher within-person reliability, and a higher completion rate of open-ended questions. Comparing the entire sample against targeted participants showed different mean scores, factor structures, scale reliability estimates, and estimated size of substantive relationships among constructs. Differences in scale reliability and construct mean scores remained even after implementing existing procedures typically used to compare webbased and nonweb-based respondents, providing evidence that our proposed approach offers clear benefits not found in data-cleaning methodologies currently in use. Finally, we offer best-practice recommendations in the form of a decision-making tree for improving the validity of future web-based surveys and research in leadership and health/well-being and other domains.

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The Golden Shield Project of China: A Decade Later—An in-Depth Study of the Great Firewall

Cited by 27 publications

References 3 publications

A wider‐aperture lens for global strategic management: The multinational enterprise in a bifurcated global economy

A wider‐aperture lens for global strategic management: The multinational enterprise in a bifurcated global economy

The Disinformation Age: Toward a Net Assessment of the United Kingdom’s Cognitive Domain

Detecting false identities: A solution to improve web-based surveys and research on leadership and health/well-being.

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