The Golden Ratio and Aesthetic Surgery

Singh, Prateush; Vijayan, Roshan; Mosahebi, Afshin

doi:10.1093/asj/sjy240

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The smaller ratio in males indicates that a longer lower third of the face is common in attractive male faces and that symmetry in facial thirds is not necessary for facial attractiveness in men. While symmetry has long been considered a factor of facial attractiveness, variation from the neoclassical canons has also been reported, especially in the analysis of faces of different ethnicities 37–39 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Sexual Dimorphic Features of the Jawline and Chin in White Celebrity Faces

Salinas,

Liu,

Sharaf

2024

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

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Background: The jawline greatly influences facial shape and contributes to facial dimorphism. Analysis of lower facial shape and sexual dimorphic differences in contemporary attractive white faces can advance the goals of lower facial aesthetics and facial gender–affirming surgery (FGAS). Methods: Full-face, front-view photos of 47 white female and 21 white male celebrities were included from a list generated using GQ magazine’s Highest Paid Models issue, People Magazine’s Beautiful issue (1991–2022), and celebrities featured on lifestyle websites. Facial landmarks were detected through a facial analysis program using Vision framework and MATLAB. After converting pixel distances to absolute distances, lower face measurements were compared between males and females. Results: The mean lower facial height was 6.08 cm in females and 7.00 cm in males (P value<0.001). The mean bigonial width was 11.21 cm in females and 12.30 cm in males (P value<0.001). The ratio of facial height to lower facial height was 2.98 in females and 2.76 in males (P value<0.001), signifying that symmetry in facial thirds is more prevalent in attractive female faces, while a longer lower face is more common in attractive male faces. The greatest differences in female and male facial contours were at gonial angles and chin. Conclusions: Analysis of contemporary white celebrity faces demonstrated significantly wider and longer lower facial measurements in males. The overall contour of the female lower face was more tapered at the gonial angles and chin compared to males. These results are important when planning lower facial rejuvenation or FGAS, as lower face size and proportions influence perceived gender and attractiveness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Sexual Dimorphic Features of the Jawline and Chin in White Celebrity Faces

Salinas,

Liu,

Sharaf

2024

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

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“…Much variation from the neoclassical canons has been shown, but symmetry in proportions is still considered a factor of facial attractiveness. 13–16…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Much variation from the neoclassical canons has been shown, but symmetry in proportions is still considered a factor of facial attractiveness. [13][14][15][16] With aging, the forehead and hairline also experience changes, primarily hairline recession at the temporal regions. There has been an increase in women seeking hair restoration surgery as a result of congenitally high hairlines, hairline recession, deformities caused by trauma or surgery, and traction alopecia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Hairline and Forehead Sexual Dimorphic Aesthetics in 60 Celebrities Using Artificial Intelligence

Salinas

Liu

Sharaf

2023

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open

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Background: Upper facial third morphometrics are an important consideration in aesthetic facial surgery and facial gender-affirming surgery. Although there are generally accepted sexual dimorphic differences, an in-depth analysis of forehead morphometrics in attractive individuals is lacking. Methods: Thirty white female and 30 white male celebrities were included. Three full-face front-view photographs of each celebrity were evaluated by a facial analysis program, using Vision framework and MATLAB. After converting pixel distances to absolute distances, midline and lateral forehead heights were calculated and compared between men and women. Results: Forehead height was similar between attractive men and women, but forehead width was shorter in women. Analysis of forehead height at various points along the hairline demonstrated that forehead measurements above the lateral brow and brow peak were significantly greater in men. Mean forehead height above the lateral eyebrow was 3.51 cm in women and 4.16 cm in men (P = 0.017). Forehead height above the eyebrow peak was 4.34 cm in women and 5.55 cm in men (P < 0.001). Medial forehead height was similar between men and women, indicating that the greatest difference in attractive male and female foreheads is in the lateral forehead and forehead width. Conclusions: Analysis of attractive white celebrities demonstrated no significant differences in central forehead heights between men and women. Forehead width and lateral forehead height were significantly smaller in women, with an overall downward slanting contour. Male hairlines were more horizontal and slanting upward laterally. These results have implications in facial rejuvenation and facial gender-affirming surgery.

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“…Implementing the GR in vascular clinical practice could serve as a complementary diagnostic modality, particularly in the relatively early stage of venous disease, since an undiagnosed progression can lead to complications requiring more invasive treatments such as surgery 20 . As other authors state, the GR is a measure of harmony that has been applied to the anatomy of the human body and has been used in plastic surgery [20][21][22][23] . We first proposed a theoretical background to support the hypothesis that Phi may be a preferred number in the venous anatomy and could be associated with chronic venous disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical correlations of the deep venous system and the golden number

Ulloa¹,

Sierra²,

Suárez-Cañón³

et al. 2022

RMA

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Background:The golden ratio (GR), also known as phi (φ: 1.618), is a harmonic ratio found throughout nature. Objective: We seek to correlate the GR with the venous diameters of the deep venous system of the lower extremity (LE). Material and methods: We performed a case series study with a sample of 43 healthy volunteers, between September and December 2020, comparing the diameters of the common femoral vein (CFV) 5-10 cm distal to the inguinal ligament and the popliteal vein (POPV) using the formula (CFV/CFV + VPOP). Results: The mean of the calculations for the right LE was 0.61 cm (99% CI: 0.59-0.62) and for the left LE was 0.59 cm (99% CI: 0.57-0.60). Conclusions: Venous diameter ratios were descriptively close to 1/φ. This is the first study on the role of phi in the venous circulation. Its application could contribute to real-life use in the field of innovation in vascular surgery.

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The Golden Ratio and Aesthetic Surgery

Cited by 18 publications

References 5 publications

Analysis of Sexual Dimorphic Features of the Jawline and Chin in White Celebrity Faces

Analysis of Sexual Dimorphic Features of the Jawline and Chin in White Celebrity Faces

Analysis of Hairline and Forehead Sexual Dimorphic Aesthetics in 60 Celebrities Using Artificial Intelligence

Anatomical correlations of the deep venous system and the golden number

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