The glycerolipid composition of leaves

Roughan, P. G.; Batt, Richard D.

doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)85432-1

Cited by 120 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The capacity of isolated intact spinach chloroplasts for the incorporation of acetate or photosynthetically fixed CO2 into fatty acids has been reported from several laboratories (10,12,13,18 with a 12-h photoperiod and 5 C night temperature depression. Hydroponically grown plants were first germinated in vermiculite before transfer to aerated liquid culture.…”

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Photosynthesis of Lipids from ¹⁴CO₂ in Spinacia oleracea

Murphy¹,

Leech²

1981

Plant Physiol.

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(4,5,24). In a more recent study employing a sensitive radioimmunoassay using anti-ACP3 antibodies, essentially all of the spinach leaf fatty acid synthetase was localized in the chloroplast (16).The capacity of isolated intact spinach chloroplasts for the incorporation of acetate or photosynthetically fixed CO2 into fatty acids has been reported from several laboratories (10,12,13,18 with a 12-h photoperiod and 5 C night temperature depression. Hydroponically grown plants were first germinated in vermiculite before transfer to aerated liquid culture. The nutrient solution contained 6 mm KNO3, 4 mm Ca(NO3)2, 2 mM MgSO4, 1 mM KH2PO4, 4 mm MgCl2 plus trace elements at a final concentration of46 AM H3P03, 9,M MnCl2, 0.76 Mm ZnS04, 0.32AM CuS045H20, 1.2 AM NaMoO4, 24 ,UM NaFeEDTA. Following 3 to 4 weeks growth in controlled environment cabinets, the seedlings were transferred to individual (i.e. one per plant) aerated jars filled with the culture solution and grown under natural light (8.5-h photoperiod) in a greenhouse for a further 2 to 3 weeks. In general, hydroponically cultured plants grew faster and gave higher rates of CO2 fixation than vermiculite-grown plants, but the proportion of 14C-fixed into lipids was independent of growth conditions. The results are reported for hydroponically cultured plants unless otherwise stated.Exposure of Leaves to 14CO2 Selected pots containing up to four spinach seedlings with young, still expanding leaves were placed in the exposure apparatus for equilibration 15 min before the start of each exposure. The environmental conditions in the exposure apparatus were the same as those under which the plants were grown (3). The apparatus permitted the exposure of intact plants to a constant specific radioactivity of 14CO2 for periods from 10 s to 20 min: it contained 14CO2 at atmospheric concentration and a specific radioactivity of 40 MCi ,Mmol-'. An air flow of 6 liters min-m ensured thorough mixing of the gases. Exposures were terminated by total immersion of the leaves in liquid N2 and the whole leaves were used for lipid extraction.Rapid Isolation of Chloroplasts. Chloroplast suspensions for incubation with [14C]bicarbonate were prepared as previously described (12). Lipid Extraction. Lipids were extracted from leaves and chloroplasts by homogenization in a TenBroeck ground glass homogenizer in the presence of chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) and the extracts dried on a rotary evaporator. The extract was redissolved in chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) and water-soluble contaminants removed by partitioning against 0.1 M KCl 1% acetic acid (v/v) solution in a N2 atmosphere at 4 C in the dark. The chloroform layer was washed three times with distilled H20 and dried under N2.Lipid Analysis. Total lipid mixtures were resolved by one-and two-dimensional TLC on glass plates coated with a 250-,m layer of Silica Gel H. Galactolipids and phospholipids were separated 762 www.plantphysiol.org on May 13, 2018 -Published by Downloaded from

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Photosynthesis of Lipids from ¹⁴CO₂ in Spinacia oleracea

Murphy¹,

Leech²

1981

Plant Physiol.

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“…One minor modification was that the acidic lipids were eluted from the column in 25 ml of chloroform-methanol (6:4 v/v) containing 0.2% ammonium acetate. The two fractions from the column were concentrated to 1 ml in chloroform and further separated by thin layer chromatography for quantitative analysis of constituent glycerolipids (13,14).For analysis of fatty acid composition the glycerolipids from diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography were separated by semipreparative thin layer chromatography, and the lipids were located on chromatograms by lightly staining in iodine vapor. Chromatograms were then quickly transferred to vacwww.plantphysiol.org on May 12, 2018 -Published by Downloaded from…”

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Lipid Composition of Pea and Bean Leaves during Chloroplast Development

Roughan

Boardman

1972

Plant Physiol.

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The changes in composition of the complex lipids were followed during the greening of dark-grown pea (Pisum sativum) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings. No Whole leaves were used in the present work to avoid the possibility of enzymic degradation of glycerolipids during plastid isolation (8,15). Certain glycerolipids (e.g., the galactolipids) are confined mainly to the plastids (6), and therefore particular attention has been paid to changes in the galactolipids during greening. Since the completion of this work, Tremolieres and Lepage (17) have reported on the lipid composition of greening pea seedlings. However, their study was concerned more with long term changes (up to 96 hr), while the present work has concentrated on the early stages of the greening process, during which the dramatic changes in structure of the plastids occur (7). The onset of photosynthetic oxygen evolution is also observed during the first few hours of greening (1 6).The changes in fine structure which occur in higher plant plastids during chloroplast development have been studied extensively (7). The internal membranes of an etioplast of a dark-grown seedling are organized mainly into one or more paracrystalline three-dimensional tubular structures which are termed "prolamellar bodies." On illumination of the etiolated seedlings, the prolamellar bodies are dispersed into sheets of perforated membranes which give rise to the lamellae. Then follows a fusion and elaboration of the lamellae in certain regions to form grana. These electron microscope studies strongly suggest that there is a continuity of membrane structures during chloroplast development, rather than a breakdown of the membranes of the prolamellar bodies of the etioplast followed by a resynthesis of the membranes of the developing chloroplast.In the present study, we have examined the glycerolipid composition of greening pea and bean seedlings. Chloroplast thylakoids contain about 50% by weight of lipid, mainly glycerolipid (6), and therefore it seemed likely that changes in membrane structure and the acquisition of photochemical activity might be reflected in changes in the various chloroplast glycerolipids. On the other hand, a constancy of lipid composition in the early stages of greening would support the view 1Permanent address: Plant Physiology Division, D.S.I.R., Palmerston North, New Zealand. 31MATERIALS AND METHODS Peas (Pisum sativum L. cv. Greenfeast) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Brown Beauty) were germinated in the dark at 25 C in trays containing vermiculite wetted with Hoagland's nutrient solution. After 10 to 11 days (for peas) and 11 to 14 days (beans), trays were transferred to continuous illumination and maintained at 25 C. White fluorescent tubes provided an average of 400 ft-c at leaf level. At appropriate intervals 1 g fresh weight of leaves was harvested from four trays, wrapped in aluminum foil, and steamed for 10 min (19).The killed leaves were then extracted with 20 ml of chloroform-methanol (2: 1 v/v) in a Tenbroeck tissue gr...

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“…PG is typically more concentrated in plant systems than in animals, forming 1·5-4·5 % of the lipid fraction in subcellular plant bilayers such as the PM [77][78][79][80]. Much of the PG in plants is made in chloroplasts and thus is of prokaryotic origin [81].…”

Section: Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is phosphatidylglycerol essential for terrestrial life?

Furse

2016

J Chem Biol

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Lipids are of increasing importance in understanding biological systems. Lipids carrying an anionic charge are noted in particular for their electrostatic interactions with both proteins and divalent cations. However, the biological, analytical, chemical and biophysical data of such species are rarely considered together, limiting our ability to assess the true role of such lipids in vivo. In this review, evidence from a range of studies about the lipid phosphatidylglycerol is considered. This evidence supports the conclusions that this lipid is ubiquitous in living systems and generally of low abundance but probably fundamental for terrestrial life. Possible reasons for this are discussed and further questions posed.

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The glycerolipid composition of leaves

Cited by 120 publications

References 14 publications

Photosynthesis of Lipids from ¹⁴CO₂ in Spinacia oleracea

Photosynthesis of Lipids from ¹⁴CO₂ in Spinacia oleracea

Lipid Composition of Pea and Bean Leaves during Chloroplast Development

Is phosphatidylglycerol essential for terrestrial life?

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The glycerolipid composition of leaves

Cited by 120 publications

References 14 publications

Photosynthesis of Lipids from 14CO2 in Spinacia oleracea

Photosynthesis of Lipids from 14CO2 in Spinacia oleracea

Lipid Composition of Pea and Bean Leaves during Chloroplast Development

Is phosphatidylglycerol essential for terrestrial life?

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Photosynthesis of Lipids from ¹⁴CO₂ in Spinacia oleracea

Photosynthesis of Lipids from ¹⁴CO₂ in Spinacia oleracea