The Glutamatergic Neurotransmission in the Central Nervous System

Marmiroli, P; Cavaletti, Guido

doi:10.2174/092986712799462711

Cited by 53 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 115 publications

(130 reference statements)

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“…Several decades of research established that glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) [1] and PNS, including dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord neurons [2, 3]. However, the morphological phenotyping of glutamatergic neurons as well as glial cells was not to be a trivial matter.…”

Section: How Vgluts Became the “Gold Standard” For The Identificatmentioning

confidence: 99%

VGLUTs in Peripheral Neurons and the Spinal Cord: Time for a Review

Brumovsky

2013

ISRN Neurology

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Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) are key molecules for the incorporation of glutamate in synaptic vesicles across the nervous system, and since their discovery in the early 1990s, research on these transporters has been intense and productive. This review will focus on several aspects of VGLUTs research on neurons in the periphery and the spinal cord. Firstly, it will begin with a historical account on the evolution of the morphological analysis of glutamatergic systems and the pivotal role played by the discovery of VGLUTs. Secondly, and in order to provide an appropriate framework, there will be a synthetic description of the neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of peripheral neurons and the spinal cord. This will be followed by a succinct description of the current knowledge on the expression of VGLUTs in peripheral sensory and autonomic neurons and neurons in the spinal cord. Finally, this review will address the modulation of VGLUTs expression after nerve and tissue insult, their physiological relevance in relation to sensation, pain, and neuroprotection, and their potential pharmacological usefulness.

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Section: How Vgluts Became the “Gold Standard” For The Identificatmentioning

confidence: 99%

VGLUTs in Peripheral Neurons and the Spinal Cord: Time for a Review

Brumovsky

2013

ISRN Neurology

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“…Glutamate elicits an excitatory effect, especially on the cerebral cortex; this amino acid is also closely related to the stimulation and diffusion of epileptic discharge. The mechanism of epilepsy is also related to excessive glutamate discharge [14,23]. Glutamate is synthesized and eliminated by the glutamate-glutamine cycle in the brain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glutamate metabolism of astrocytes during hyperbaric oxygen exposure and its effects on central nervous system oxygen toxicity

Chen

Zhongzhuang

et al. 2016

NeuroReport

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Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) has been used widely in many underwater missions and clinical work. However, exposure to extremely high oxygen pressure may cause central nervous system oxygen toxicity (CNS-OT). The regulation of astrocyte glutamate metabolism is closely related to epilepsy. This study aimed to observe the effects of HBO exposure on glutamate metabolism in astrocytes and confirm the role of glutamate metabolism in CNS-OT. Anesthetized rats were exposed to 5 atmosphere absolute HBO for 80 min and microdialysis samples of brain interstitial fluid were continuously collected. Extracellular glutamate and glutamine concentrations were also detected. Freely moving rats were exposed to HBO of the same pressure for 20 min and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in brain tissues was measured. Finally, we observed the effects of different doses of drugs related to glutamate metabolism on the latency of CNS-OT. Results showed that HBO exposure significantly increased glutamate content, whereas glutamine content was significantly reduced. Moreover, HBO exposure significantly reduced GS activity. Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) selective antagonist ceftriaxone prolonged CNS-OT latency, whereas GLT-1 selective inhibitor dihydrokainate shortened CNS-OT latency. In summary, HBO exposure improved glutamate concentration and reduced glutamine concentration by inhibition of GS activity. GLT-1 activation also participated in the prevention of HBO-induced CNS-OT. Our research will provide a potential new target to terminate or attenuate CNS-OT.

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“…Glutamate at the NMJ is derived from the motor nerve terminal (Marmiroli and Cavaletti, 2012). Postsynaptic NMDA receptors at the end plate have been documented in rodent myotubes (Lück et al, 2000).…”

Section: Relation Between Muscarinic and Neurotrophin Signalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presynaptic Membrane Receptors Modulate ACh Release, Axonal Competition and Synapse Elimination during Neuromuscular Junction Development

Tomàs

García

Lanuza

et al. 2017

Front. Mol. Neurosci.

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During the histogenesis of the nervous system a lush production of neurons, which establish an excessive number of synapses, is followed by a drop in both neurons and synaptic contacts as maturation proceeds. Hebbian competition between axons with different activities leads to the loss of roughly half of the neurons initially produced so connectivity is refined and specificity gained. The skeletal muscle fibers in the newborn neuromuscular junction (NMJ) are polyinnervated but by the end of the competition, 2 weeks later, the NMJ are innervated by only one axon. This peripheral synapse has long been used as a convenient model for synapse development. In the last few years, we have studied transmitter release and the local involvement of the presynaptic muscarinic acetylcholine autoreceptors (mAChR), adenosine autoreceptors (AR) and trophic factor receptors (TFR, for neurotrophins and trophic cytokines) during the development of NMJ and in the adult. This review article brings together previously published data and proposes a molecular background for developmental axonal competition and loss. At the end of the first week postnatal, these receptors modulate transmitter release in the various nerve terminals on polyinnervated NMJ and contribute to axonal competition and synapse elimination.

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The Glutamatergic Neurotransmission in the Central Nervous System

Cited by 53 publications

References 115 publications

VGLUTs in Peripheral Neurons and the Spinal Cord: Time for a Review

VGLUTs in Peripheral Neurons and the Spinal Cord: Time for a Review

Glutamate metabolism of astrocytes during hyperbaric oxygen exposure and its effects on central nervous system oxygen toxicity

Presynaptic Membrane Receptors Modulate ACh Release, Axonal Competition and Synapse Elimination during Neuromuscular Junction Development

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