We study the general low-energy effective action on long open strings, such
as confining strings in pure gauge theories. Using Lorentz invariance, we find
that for a string of length R, the leading deviation from the Nambu-Goto energy
levels generically occurs at order 1/R^4 (including a correction to the ground
state energy), as opposed to 1/R^5 for excited closed strings in four
dimensions, and 1/R^7 for closed strings in three dimensions. This is true both
for Dirichlet and for Neumann boundary conditions for the transverse
directions, though the worldsheet boundary actions are different. The Dirichlet
case is relevant (for instance) for the force between external quarks in a
confining gauge theory, and the Neumann case for a string stretched between
domain walls. In the specific case of confining gauge theories with a weakly
curved holographic dual, we compute the coefficient of the leading correction
when the open string ends on two D-branes, and find a non-vanishing result.Comment: 51 pages, JHEP format. v2: added reference