The glomerular capillary wall

Latta, Harrison

doi:10.1016/s0022-5320(70)80026-0

Cited by 95 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The debate over the importance of GBM and the GESD in the regulation of glomerular vascular permeability has spanned well over three decades now (4,5,8,11,12,14,17,24,25). Previous studies (4,5,(12)(13)(14)(15)(16) demonstrate that both structures may be important for maintaining a stringent barrier for plasma proteins larger than 70 kDa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A different school of thought, which has been proposed for many years, includes a critical role of glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) in the regulation of glomerular permeability barrier (5,6,8,10,11,14,16,24,25). A podocyte in the glomerulus can be divided into two different zones, a primary cell body and secondary processes, which constitute initial branching and again subsequent branchings (podocyte processes) that directly interact with the GBM (2).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Determinants of Vascular Permeability in the Kidney Glomerulus

Hamano¹,

Grunkemeyer²,

Sudhakar³

et al. 2002

Journal of Biological Chemistry

117

110

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The human kidneys filter 70 liters of blood plasma every day. The hallmark of almost all kidney diseases, whether acquired or genetic, is the leakage of plasma proteins into the urine because of alterations in the glomerular filtration unit of the kidney. In this regard, the human mutations in nephrin, podocin, ␣-actinin-4, COL4A3, and COL4A5 genes expressed in the glomeruli have been implicated to cause alterations in glomerular filtration apparatus. Nevertheless, the expression of these proteins in relation to each other in mouse models for glomerular vascular leak is unknown. Additionally, within the glomerulus, the central question of whether the primary filtration barrier is the basement membrane or the epithelial slit diaphragm remains ambiguous. Therefore, in this study, we examined the localization and expression of glomerular epithelial slit diaphragm and glomerular basement membrane proteins implicated in glomerular vascular leak using mice deficient in either the ␣3 chain of type IV collagen, the major constituent of glomerular basement membrane, or LMX1B transcription factor, which regulates the expression of key glomerular type IV collagen genes COL4A3 and COL4A4 or nephrin, a glomerular epithelial slit diaphragm-associated protein. This study demonstrates that decreased expression of slit diaphragm protein, nephrin, correlates with a loss of glomerular filter integrity. Additionally, we demonstrate that defects induced by proteins of glomerular basement membrane lead to an insidious plasma protein leak, whereas the defects induced by proteins in the glomerular epithelial slit diaphragms lead to a precipitous plasma protein leak.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of Vascular Permeability in the Kidney Glomerulus

Hamano¹,

Grunkemeyer²,

Sudhakar³

et al. 2002

Journal of Biological Chemistry

117

110

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“…The anionic charge of heparan sulfate side chains of proteoglycans is believed to hinder the traversal of anionic plasma proteins (5,11,12). The location of the size-selective property of the filtration barrier has been attributed to the GBM alone or, alternatively, to the slit diaphragm (5,13,14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nephrin is specifically located at the slit diaphragm of glomerular podocytes

Ruotsalainen

Ljungberg

Wartiovaara

et al. 1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

655

488

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We describe here the size and location of nephrin, the first protein to be identified at the glomerular podocyte slit diaphragm. In Western blots, nephrin antibodies generated against the two terminal extracellular Ig domains of recombinant human nephrin recognized a 180-kDa protein in lysates of human glomeruli and a 150-kDa protein in transfected COS-7 cell lysates. In immunof luorescence, antibodies to this transmembrane protein revealed reactivity in the glomerular basement membrane region, whereas the podocyte cell bodies remained negative. In immunogold-stained thin sections, nephrin label was found at the slit between podocyte foot processes. The congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (NPHS1), a disease in which the nephrin gene is mutated, is characterized by massive proteinuria already in utero and lack of slit diaphragm and foot processes. These features, together with the now demonstrated localization of nephrin to the slit diaphragm area, suggests an essential role for this protein in the normal glomerular filtration barrier. A zipper-like model for nephrin assembly in the slit diaphragm is discussed, based on the present and previous data.

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“…Improved fixation is again apparent, x 19.500. and Bulger. 1968; Latta, 1971]. One of the peculiar results of paraformal dehyde fixation in general is a slight dilation in some of the nuclear cisternae.…”

Section: Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations in kidney ultrastructure with a variety of paraformaldehyde fixation techniques

Schmidt¹,

Abdelbaki²,

Tu³

1976

Cells Tissues Organs

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Variations in fine structure of glomeruli and proximal tubules were studied to determine the results of several fixation techniques with paraformaldehyde. Immersion fixation techniques generally resulted in poor fixation, while the quality of fixation by perfusion was directly related to the concentration of the paraformaldehyde. The best technique was fixation by perfusion and immersion in 3% paraformaldehyde for 2 h followed by a post-fixation in 1 % OsO₄ for 1 h. Intracellular edema was noted in all epithelial, mesangial and proximal tubular cells that were from poorly fixed kidneys. Swollen mitochondria and the dilated endoplasmic reticulum were common in many of those cells. Mesangial and proximal tubular cells were the first to swell. Poor fixation produced the early stages of autolysis. The criteria for good paraformaldehyde fixation are discussed.

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The glomerular capillary wall

Cited by 95 publications

References 14 publications

Determinants of Vascular Permeability in the Kidney Glomerulus

Determinants of Vascular Permeability in the Kidney Glomerulus

Nephrin is specifically located at the slit diaphragm of glomerular podocytes

Variations in kidney ultrastructure with a variety of paraformaldehyde fixation techniques

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