The Global Public Health Significance of Plasmodium vivax

Battle, Katherine E.; Gething, Peter W.; Elyazar, Iqbal; Moyes, Catherine L.; Sinka, Marianne; Howes, Rosalind E.; Guerra, Carlos A.; Price, Ric N.; Baird, J. Kevin; Hay, Simon I.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397900-1.00001-3

Cited by 109 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 233 publications

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“…lasmodium vivax has the widest global distribution of the human malaria parasites (1,2). In the Americas, more than 60% of the annual cases of malaria are caused by P. vivax (2).…”

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confidence: 99%

Prospective Study of Plasmodium vivax Malaria Recurrence after Radical Treatment with a Chloroquine-Primaquine Standard Regimen in Turbo, Colombia

Zuluaga-Idárraga

Blair

Okoth

et al. 2016

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Plasmodium vivax recurrences help maintain malaria transmission. They are caused by recrudescence, reinfection, or relapse, which are not easily differentiated. A longitudinal observational study took place in Turbo municipality, Colombia. Participants with uncomplicated P. vivax infection received supervised treatment concomitantly with 25 mg/kg chloroquine and 0.25 mg/kg/ day primaquine for 14 days. Incidence of recurrence was assessed over 180 days. Samples were genotyped, and origins of recurrences were established. A total of 134 participants were enrolled between February 2012 and July 2013, and 87 were followed for 180 days, during which 29 recurrences were detected. The cumulative incidence of first recurrence was 24.1% (21/87) (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.6 to 33.7%), and 86% (18/21) of these events occurred between days 51 and 110. High genetic diversity of P. vivax strains was found, and 12.5% (16/128) of the infections were polyclonal. Among detected recurrences, 93.1% (27/29) of strains were genotyped as genetically identical to the strain from the previous infection episode, and 65.5% (19/29) of infections were classified as relapses. Our results indicate that there is a high incidence of P. vivax malaria recurrence after treatment in Turbo municipality, Colombia, and that a large majority of these episodes are likely relapses from the previous infection. We attribute this to the primaquine regimen currently used in Colombia, which may be insufficient to eliminate hypnozoites.

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“…lasmodium vivax has the widest global distribution of the human malaria parasites (1,2). In the Americas, more than 60% of the annual cases of malaria are caused by P. vivax (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective Study of Plasmodium vivax Malaria Recurrence after Radical Treatment with a Chloroquine-Primaquine Standard Regimen in Turbo, Colombia

Zuluaga-Idárraga

Blair

Okoth

et al. 2016

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…Plasmodium vivax is a widely distributed human malarial parasite, with an estimated population of 2.49 billion people globally living at risk of infection in 2010 (2), of which 1.13 billion are from India (3).…”

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Polymorphisms in Antifolate Drug Resistance Molecular Marker Genes pvdhfr and pvdhps in Clinical Isolates of Plasmodium vivax from Kolkata, India

Ganguly¹,

Saha²,

Chatterjee³

et al. 2014

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine has never been recommended for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria as the parasite is intrinsically resistant to pyrimethamine. The combination was introduced as a promising agent to treat Plasmodium falciparum malaria in many countries but was withdrawn after a few years due to development and spread of resistant strains. Presently, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is used as a partner drug of artemisinin-based combination therapy to treat uncomplicated falciparum malaria, and a combination of artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is currently in use in India. In countries like India, where both P. vivax and P. falciparum are equally prevalent, some proportion of P. vivax bacteria is exposed to sulfadoxinepyrimethamine due to misdiagnosis and mixed infections. As reports on the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in P. vivax are rare, the study of mutations in the marker genes P. vivax dhfr (pvdhfr) and pvdhps is important for predicting drug selection pressure and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance monitoring. We studied the prevalence of point mutations and haplotypes of both the genes in 80 P. vivax isolates collected from urban Kolkata, India, by the DNA sequencing method. Point mutation rates in both the genes were low.

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“…Therefore, the clinical course of P. vivax malaria can be anything but benign and needs to be considered equal to P. falciparum malaria regarding financial investment and priorities. [12][13][14] Although P. vivax has been shown to tolerate temperate regions, its distribution is nevertheless widespread and is present in southeast Asia and Oceania, South and Central America, the Indian subcontinent, eastern Mediterranean and parts of southern Europe, and Africa. Although P. falciparum is more prevalent in Africa than P. vivax, in the other regions of the world populations are, in general, equally likely to be exposed to both species.…”

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confidence: 99%

Killing the hypnozoite – drug discovery approaches to prevent relapse inPlasmodium vivax

Campo

Vandal

Wesche

et al. 2015

Pathogens and Global Health

101

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The eradication of malaria will only be possible if effective, well-tolerated medicines kill hypnozoites in vivax and ovale malaria, and thus prevent relapses in patients. Despite progress in the 8-aminoquinoline series, with tafenoquine in Phase III showing clear benefits over primaquine, the drug discovery challenge to identify hypnozoiticidal or hypnozoite-activating compounds has been hampered by the dearth of biological tools and assays, which in turn has been limited by the immense scientific and logistical challenges associated with accessing relevant human tissue and sporozoites. This review summarises the existing drug discovery series and approaches concerning the goal to block relapse.

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The Global Public Health Significance of Plasmodium vivax

Cited by 109 publications

References 233 publications

Prospective Study of Plasmodium vivax Malaria Recurrence after Radical Treatment with a Chloroquine-Primaquine Standard Regimen in Turbo, Colombia

Prospective Study of Plasmodium vivax Malaria Recurrence after Radical Treatment with a Chloroquine-Primaquine Standard Regimen in Turbo, Colombia

Prevalence of Polymorphisms in Antifolate Drug Resistance Molecular Marker Genes pvdhfr and pvdhps in Clinical Isolates of Plasmodium vivax from Kolkata, India

Killing the hypnozoite – drug discovery approaches to prevent relapse inPlasmodium vivax

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