The global impact of HIV/AIDS

Piot, Peter; Bartoš, Michael; Ghys, Peter D.; Walker, Neff; Schwartländer, Bernhard

doi:10.1038/35073639

Cited by 370 publications

(260 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a significant and growing problem in public health worldwide (Piot et al 2001;CDC 2002), and mathematical models have become an integral part of STD epidemiology (Hethcote & Yorke 1984;Castillo-Chavez 1989;Anderson & May 1991;Anderson & Garnett 2000;Garnett 2002b). The core of every infectious-disease model is its representation of the transmission process, and the fundamental question of how to formulate the transmission rate is the subject of active research (Antonovics et al 1995;De Jong et al 1995;McCallum et al 2001McCallum et al , 2002Fenton et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency–dependent incidence in models of sexually transmitted diseases: portrayal of pair–based transmission and effects of illness on contact behaviour

Lloyd‐Smith

Getz

Westerhoff³

2004

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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We explore the transmission process for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). We derive the classical frequency-dependent incidence mechanistically from a pair-formation model, using an approximation that applies to populations with rapid pairing dynamics (such as core groups or non-pair-bonding animals). This mechanistic derivation provides a framework to assess how accurately frequency-dependent incidence portrays the pair-based transmission known to underlie STD dynamics. This accuracy depends strongly on the disease being studied: frequency-dependent formulations are more suitable for chronic less-transmissible infections than for transient highly transmissible infections. Our results thus support earlier proposals to divide STDs into these two functional classes, and we suggest guidelines to help assess under what conditions each class can be appropriately modelled using frequency-dependent incidence. We then extend the derivation to include situations where infected individuals exhibit altered pairing behaviour. For four cases of increasing behavioural complexity, analytic expressions are presented for the generalized frequency-dependent incidence rate, basic reproductive number (R 0 ) and steady-state prevalence (i ϱ ) of an epidemic. The expression for R 0 is identical for all cases, giving refined insights into determinants of invasibility of STDs. Potentially significant effects of infection-induced changes in contact behaviour are illustrated by simulating epidemics of bacterial and viral STDs. We discuss the application of our results to STDs (in humans and animals) and other infectious diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency–dependent incidence in models of sexually transmitted diseases: portrayal of pair–based transmission and effects of illness on contact behaviour

Lloyd‐Smith

Getz

Westerhoff³

2004

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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“…With worldwide infections near 40 million and approximately 20 million attributable deaths, HIV continues to be a growing problem (1). HIV notoriously targets the immune system, progressively degrading the host defense system until opportunistic infection or systemic failure results in a fatal outcome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potentiation of excitotoxicity in HIV-1-associated Dementia and the significance of glutaminase

Erdmann¹,

Whitney²,

Zheng³

2006

Clinical Neuroscience Research

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HIV-1 Associated Dementia (HAD) is a significant consequence of HIV infection. Although multiple inflammatory factors contribute to this chronic, progressive dementia, excitotoxic damage appears to be an underlying mechanism in the neurodegenerative process. Excitotoxicity is a cumulative effect of multiple processes occurring in the CNS during HAD. The overstimulation of glutamate receptors, an increased vulnerability of neurons, and disrupted astrocyte support each potentiate excitotoxic damage to neurons. Recent evidence suggests that poorly controlled generation of glutamate by phosphate-activated glutaminase may contribute to the neurotoxic state typical of HAD as well as other neurodegenerative disorders. Glutaminase converts glutamine, a widely available substrate throughout the CNS to glutamate. Inflammatory conditions may precipitate unregulated activity of glutaminase, a potentially important mechanism in HAD pathogenesis.

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“…This disease is caused by an infectious agent called human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV. 1 (There are two types of virus: HIV-1 and HIV-2. The former is much more common than the latter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection of escape mutants from immune recognition during HIV infection

Bernaschi

Castiglione

2002

Immunol Cell Biol

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SummaryWe present computer simulations of the HIV infection based on a sophisticated cellular automata model of the immune response. The infection progresses following the well-known three-phase dynamics observed in patients, that is, acute, silent and acquired immunodeficiency. Antigenic shift and selection of escape viral mutants with low transcription rate explain the long term course of the asymptomatic phase, while the immunodeficiency status appears to be the consequence of a drastic reduction in T helper cell repertoire.

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The global impact of HIV/AIDS

Cited by 370 publications

References 17 publications

Frequency–dependent incidence in models of sexually transmitted diseases: portrayal of pair–based transmission and effects of illness on contact behaviour

Frequency–dependent incidence in models of sexually transmitted diseases: portrayal of pair–based transmission and effects of illness on contact behaviour

Potentiation of excitotoxicity in HIV-1-associated Dementia and the significance of glutaminase

Selection of escape mutants from immune recognition during HIV infection

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