The global distribution of nitric oxide at 200 km

Cravens, T. E.

doi:10.1029/ja086ia07p05710

Cited by 29 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The distribution of NO versus latitude for altitudes greater than 180 km or so has relatively simple structur•NO is more abundant in the summer hemisphere (S) than in the winter hemisphere (N). This is in agreement with the despun AE-D data at 200 km reported by Cravens [1981].…”

Section: Average No Number Density Profiles (Contour Plot)supporting

confidence: 93%

“…It seems quite possible that the actual maximum column density is located poleward of the terminator in the dark polar night. The latitudinal gradient is less pronounced at high altitudes, and the location of the latitudinal minimum shifts toward high winter latitudes (in agreement with the 200-km despun AE-D data presented byCravens [1981]). The scale height of the NO column density distribution varies with both altitude and latitude.…”

supporting

confidence: 89%

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The global distribution of nitric oxide in the thermosphere as determined by the Atmosphere Explorer D Satellite

Cravens¹,

Gérard

LeCompte

et al. 1985

J. Geophys. Res.

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The ultraviolet nitric oxide spectrometer (UVNO) experiment on the Atmosphere Explorer D (AE‐D) satellite measured thermospheric nitric oxide during the winter of 1974–1975 using resonant fluorescence from the 1–0 gamma band of the molecule. Almost complete latitude coverage was obtained, but the observations were confined to morning local times close to 0900. The 1–0 gamma band intensity profiles measured by the instrument were inverted to provide vertical profiles of the NO number density between about 90 and 200 km. Typically, the measured NO concentrations reached a maximum between altitudes of 100 and 110 km, and more NO was observed at higher latitudes than at low latitudes, in agreement with previous observational studies. The shape of the NO profile was also found to be a function of latitude, with a plateau appearing in the profile near 130 km for low latitudes and mid‐latitudes in the winter hemisphere.

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Section: Average No Number Density Profiles (Contour Plot)supporting

confidence: 93%

supporting

confidence: 89%

The global distribution of nitric oxide in the thermosphere as determined by the Atmosphere Explorer D Satellite

Cravens¹,

Gérard

LeCompte

et al. 1985

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…In addition, the NO density is also more abundant in the summer hemisphere (Cravens, ). The location of higher value of NO IRF in the region about 100° longitude in the Southern Hemisphere could be due to the higher preference of NO density and storm time meridional wind toward the longitude with magnetic pole (Cravens, ; Cravens & Killen, ; Fuller‐Rowell et al, , ; Siskind, Barth, & Roble, ; Siskind, Barth, Evans, & Roble, ). Similarly, the higher NO flux during main phase2 as compared to main phase1, although main phase1 is stronger than main phase2, could be due to the combined effect of both the storms.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diurnal Variation of Height‐Distributed Nitric Oxide Radiative Emission During November 2004 Superstorm

Bag

2018

JGR Space Physics

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The diurnal variation of height‐distributed nitric oxide (NO) radiative emission during November 2004 superstorm is studied using TIMED‐SABER satellite observations over 55°N–55°S geographic latitude region. The NO volume emission rate (VER), both during day and nighttime, shows an equatorial movement with descending peak emission altitude as one moves toward the equator. The NO VER from altitude of 100 to 280 km is integrated in steps of 30 km above 160 km (and from 100 to 160 km), obtaining the NO infrared radiative flux (IRF). The response of NO IRF depends on the altitude and time of consideration. The NO IRF in the lower altitude (<190 km) shows higher enhancement and a slower recovery as compared to altitude above it. It is observed that NO IRF during day and night responds differently to the November 2004 superstorm. The zonally averaged daytime NO IRF is mainly highest during weaker main phase (10 November, Dst =−263 nT). The maximum zonally averaged nighttime NO IRF is observed during stronger main phase (8 November, Dst =−374 nT) for all altitudes. The maximum relative daytime (RDE) and nighttime enhancement (RNE), which represent the relative variation of NO IRF during storm periods as compared to quiet time value, also exhibit different variations during this storm period. The minimum RDE is observed to show an equatorial movement as one moves downward in altitude. The minimum RDE occurs at about 35°N–40°N for 250–280 km, which decreases toward the equator, and minimum RDE is found near the equator for 100–160 km. The minimum of RNE is observed over the equator for all altitudes.

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“…If time lags are introduced into the K p index time series, a maximum correlation with the OSIRIS data is achieved with a 4 day lag, with a correlation coefficient of 0.82. This is indicative of NO initially being produced at higher altitudes and being transported into the 90–100 km altitude range; it also indicates that the production of NO is dependent on recent auroral activity, not solely on instantaneous energy deposition [e.g., Cravens , ]. The SD‐WACCM time series also sees a maximum correlation with the K p time series with a 4 day lag, with a correlation coefficient of only 0.43.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Odin observations of Antarctic nighttime NO densities in the mesosphere–lower thermosphere and observations of a lower NO layer

et al. 2013

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[1] The Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imaging System (OSIRIS) on the Odin satellite currently has an eight-year dataset of nighttime Antarctic nitric oxide densities, [NO], in the mesosphere-lower thermosphere (MLT) region. In this work, the OSIRIS data are compared with a similar data set from the Sub-Millimeter Radiometer (SMR), also on the Odin satellite. Both of the Odin data sets are compared with twilight [NO] from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) on the SciSat-I satellite. Direct comparisons of OSIRIS and SMR profiles show large differences, indicating that the individual [NO] profiles of one or both data sets may not be valid. However, when comparing averaged [NO], variations on timescales of weeks-years in all three data sets are in good agreement and correspond to the 27 day and 11 year solar cycles. The averaged OSIRIS values are typically 10% greater than SMR and 30% greater than ACE-FTS, which are within the estimated OSIRIS systematic uncertainties. These results suggest that the satellite-derived data sets can be used for determining polar-mean NO climatology and variations on timescales of weeks-years. The OSIRIS and SMR nighttime data sets show that the [NO] peak height in the MLT decreases throughout the autumn, from an altitude near or above 100 km to a minimum altitude ranging from 90 to 95 km around winter solstice. A similar decrease in [NO] peak height is observed in modeled NO climatology from the Specified Dynamics-Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (SD-WACCM), although the SD-WACCM climatology exhibits a decrease throughout autumn from 107 km down to 102 km. The results suggest that global climate models require more sophisticated auroral forcing simulations in order to reproduce observed NO variations in this region.

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The global distribution of nitric oxide at 200 km

Cited by 29 publications

References 22 publications

The global distribution of nitric oxide in the thermosphere as determined by the Atmosphere Explorer D Satellite

The global distribution of nitric oxide in the thermosphere as determined by the Atmosphere Explorer D Satellite

Diurnal Variation of Height‐Distributed Nitric Oxide Radiative Emission During November 2004 Superstorm

Odin observations of Antarctic nighttime NO densities in the mesosphere–lower thermosphere and observations of a lower NO layer

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