The global distribution of lightning NOx simulated on-line in a general circulation model

Jourdain, L.; Hauglustaine, Didier

doi:10.1016/s1464-1917(01)00051-4

Cited by 51 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Strong overestimations in parameterized marine lightning flash ratios have been found for the H5-scheme by Jourdain and Hauglustaine (2001) who assumed a similar (5 times) convective intensity ratio. Increasing the continent divided by ocean convective intensity ratio would effectively reduce the overestimation in LNO 2 produced over oceans, due to the scaling to a fixed global annual LNO x production.…”

Section: Mean Regional Slopesmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…We expect that the effect of errors in the vertical distribution of LNO x is small. For instance, both Kurz and Grewe (2002) and Jourdain and Hauglustaine (2001), using similar parameterizations to the CP and H5 schemes, respectively, found large flash density overestimations over oceans. Therefore we argue that the overestimations of oceanic LNO 2 that we find are a result of flash density overstimation rather than the result of errors in the modelled vertical distribution of lightning NO x .…”

Section: Tm3 Errorsmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Estimates of lightning NO<sub>x</sub> production from GOME satellite observations

et al. 2005

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Abstract. Tropospheric NO 2 column retrievals from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) satellite spectrometer are used to quantify the source strength and 3-D distribution of lightning produced nitrogen oxides (NO x =NO+NO 2 ). A sharp increase of NO 2 is observed at convective cloud tops with increasing cloud top height, consistent with a power-law behaviour with power 5±2. Convective production of clouds with the same cloud height are found to produce NO 2 with a ratio 1.6/1 for continents compared to oceans. This relation between cloud properties and NO 2 is used to construct a 10:30 local time global lightning NO 2 production map for 1997. An extensive statistical comparison is conducted to investigate the capability of the TM3 chemistry transport model to reproduce observed patterns of lightning NO 2 in time and space. This comparison uses the averaging kernel to relate modelled profiles of NO 2 to observed NO 2 columns. It exploits a masking scheme to minimise the interference of other NO x sources on the observed total columns. Simulations are performed with two lightning parameterizations, one relating convective preciptation (CP scheme) to lightning flash distributions, and the other relating the fifth power of the cloud top height (H5 scheme) to lightning distributions. The satellite-retrieved NO 2 fields show significant correlations with the simulated lightning contribution to the NO 2 concentrations for both parameterizations. Over tropical continents modelled lightning NO 2 shows remarkable quantitative agreement with observations. Over the oceans however, the two model lightning parameterizations overestimate the retrieved NO 2 attributed to lightning. Possible explanations for these overestimations are discussed. The ratio between satellite-retrieved NO 2 and modelled lightning NO 2 is used to rescale the original modelled lightning NO x production. Eight estimates of the lightning NO x production in 1997 are obtained from spatial and temporal correCorrespondence to: K. F. Boersma (boersma@knmi.nl) lation methods, from cloud-free and cloud-covered observations, and from two different lightning parameterizations. Accounting for a wide variety of random and possible systematic errors, we estimate the global NO x production from lightning to be in the range 1.1-6.4 Tg N in 1997.

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Section: Mean Regional Slopesmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Tm3 Errorsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Estimates of lightning NO<sub>x</sub> production from GOME satellite observations

et al. 2005

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“…Hence, for organic aerosols, the secondary organic matter formed from biogenic emissions is equal to that provided by the AeroCom emission dataset (Dentener et al 2006b). The lightning NO x emissions are computed interactively during the simulations depending on the convective clouds, according to Price and Rind (1992), with a vertical distribution based on Pickering et al (1998) as described in Jourdain and Hauglustaine (2001). The ORCHIDEE vegetation model was used (offline) to calculate biogenic surface fluxes of isoprene, terpenes, acetone and methanol as well as NO soil emissions as described by Lathière et al (2006).…”

Section: Lmdz-or-inca Set-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol and ozone changes as forcing for climate evolution between 1850 and 2100

et al. 2012

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Global aerosol and ozone distributions and their associated radiative forcings were simulated between 1850 and 2100 following a recent historical emission dataset and under the representative concentration pathways (RCP) for the future. These simulations were used in an Earth System Model to account for the changes in both radiatively and chemically active compounds, when simulating the climate evolution. The past negative stratospheric ozone trends result in a negative climate forcing culminating at -0.15 W m -2 in the 1990s. In the meantime, the tropospheric ozone burden increase generates a positive climate forcing peaking at 0.41 W m -2 . The future evolution of ozone strongly depends on the RCP scenario considered. In RCP4.5 and RCP6.0, the evolution of both stratospheric and tropospheric ozone generate relatively weak radiative forcing changes until 2060-2070 followed by a relative 30 % decrease in radiative forcing by 2100. In contrast, RCP8.5 and RCP2.6 model projections exhibit strongly different ozone radiative forcing trajectories. In the RCP2.6 scenario, both effects (stratospheric ozone, a negative forcing, and tropospheric ozone, a positive forcing) decline towards 1950s values while they both get stronger in the RCP8.5 scenario. Over the twentieth century, the evolution of the total aerosol burden is characterized by a strong increase after World War II until the middle of the 1980s followed by a stabilization during the last decade due to the strong decrease in sulfates in OECD countries since the 1970s. The cooling effects reach their maximal values in 1980, with -0.34 and -0.28 W m -2 respectively for direct and indirect total radiative forcings. According to the RCP scenarios, the aerosol content, after peaking around 2010, is projected to decline strongly and monotonically during the twenty-first century for the RCP8.5, 4.5 and 2.6 scenarios. While for RCP6.0 the decline occurs later, after peaking around 2050. As a consequence the relative importance of the total cooling effect of aerosols becomes weaker throughout the twenty-first century compared with the positive forcing of greenhouse gases. Nevertheless, both surface ozone and aerosol content show very different regional features depending on the future scenario considered. Hence, in 2050, surface ozone changes vary between -12 and ?12 ppbv over Asia depending on the RCP projection, whereas the regional direct aerosol radiative forcing can locally exceed -3 W m -2 . This paper is a contribution to the special issue on the IPSL and CNRM global climate and Earth System Models, both developed in France and contributing to the 5th coupled model intercomparison project.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article

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“…The impact of lightning NO x emissions on ozone production is badly quantified, as is the magnitude of the emissions. Estimates of the source magnitude are highly variable, from 3 Tg N yr −1 to 10 Tg N yr −1 (Jourdain and Hauglustaine, 2001;Staudt et al, 2002a). The uncertainty of the global NO x lightning source and its impact on ozone concentrations remain one of the major issues in understanding the tropical ozone budget.…”

Section: Central and East Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Tropospheric ozone over Equatorial Africa: regional aspects from the MOZAIC data

et al. 2005

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Abstract. We analyze ozone observations recorded over Equatorial Africa between April 1997 and March 2003 by the MOZAIC programme, providing the first ozone climatology deriving from continental in-situ data over this region. Threedimensional streamlines strongly suggests connections between the characteristics of the ozone monthly mean vertical profiles, the most persistent circulation patterns in the troposphere over Equatorial Africa (on a monthly basis) such as the Harmattan, the African Easterly Jet, the Trades and the regions of ozone precursors emissions by biomass burning. During the biomass burning season in each hemisphere, the lower troposphere exhibits layers of enhanced ozone (i.e. 70 ppbv over the coast of Gulf of Guinea in December-February and 85 ppbv over Congo in June-August). The characteristics of the ozone monthly mean vertical profiles are clearly connected to the regional flow regime determined by seasonal dynamic forcing. The mean ozone profile over the coast of Gulf of Guinea in the burning season is characterized by systematically high ozone below 650 hPa ; these are due to the transport by the Harmattan and the AEJ of the pollutants originating from upwind fires. The confinement of high ozone to the lower troposphere is due to the high stability of the Harmattan and the blocking Saharan anticyclone which prevents efficient vertical mixing. In contrast, ozone enhancements observed over Central Africa during the local dry season (June-August) are not only found in the lower troposphere but throughout the troposphere. Moreover, this study highlights a connection between the regions of the coast of Gulf of Guinea and regions of Congo to the south that appears on a semi annual basis. Vertical profiles in wet-season regions exhibit ozone enhancements in the lower troposphere due to biomass burning products transport from fires situated in the opposite dry-season hemisphere.

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The global distribution of lightning NOx simulated on-line in a general circulation model

Cited by 51 publications

References 28 publications

Estimates of lightning NO<sub>x</sub> production from GOME satellite observations

Estimates of lightning NO<sub>x</sub> production from GOME satellite observations

Aerosol and ozone changes as forcing for climate evolution between 1850 and 2100

Tropospheric ozone over Equatorial Africa: regional aspects from the MOZAIC data

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The global distribution of lightning NOx simulated on-line in a general circulation model

Cited by 51 publications

References 28 publications

Estimates of lightning NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; production from GOME satellite observations

Estimates of lightning NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; production from GOME satellite observations

Aerosol and ozone changes as forcing for climate evolution between 1850 and 2100

Tropospheric ozone over Equatorial Africa: regional aspects from the MOZAIC data

Contact Info

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Estimates of lightning NO<sub>x</sub> production from GOME satellite observations

Estimates of lightning NO<sub>x</sub> production from GOME satellite observations