The global burden of thyroid cancer and its attributable risk factor in 195 countries and territories: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Abstract

Background Thyroid cancer is a growing threat to human health. Few studies have explored trends of thyroid cancer and relationships with social development factors. In this study, we explored the trend and relationship based on GBD. Methods By using GBD study, we obtained detailed data of thyroid cancer. Incidence, mortality and DALY were used to assess epidemiological characteristics. ASR and EAPC were used to estimate the trend. Results Globally, the incidence significantly increased from 1990 to 2017, especially in high‐income regions. Males and middle SDI region demonstrated a higher increase of age‐standardized incidence rates. Unlike incidence trend, mortality trend showed a minor increase, and even showed a decreasing trend in some regions such as Eastern Sub‐Saharan Africa. Additionally, the DALY trend also demonstrated a slightly increase with an EAPC of 0.77 (95% CI 0.73–0.81). More significant increase of DALY was found in males, middle SDI region and high‐income Asia Pacific. The incidence of thyroid cancer peaked in middle‐aged people, while the mortality and DALY peaked in elder‐aged. Moreover, the proportion of thyroid cancer deaths contributable to high BMI was highest in developed countries and middle‐aged people. Conclusions Thyroid cancer is a public health problem worldwide. Over‐diagnosis might be partly responsible for its rising trend. It remains us to revise the guidelines to avoid unnecessary burdens. Moreover, we should pay attention to the risk factors of thyroid cancer. More targeted measures should be formulated to improve potential environmental and lifestyle‐related factors which might contribute to rising trend of thyroid cancer.

Global burden of thyroid cancer and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019

“…For attributable risk factors, the impact of high body‐mass index on DALYs from thyroid cancer was greater in males than in females in different regions. Compared with previous GBD studies, 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 we used up‐to‐date epidemiological data to investigate the burden of thyroid cancer, examined the association between the SDI and incidence, mortality, and DALYs of thyroid cancer, and clarified the disparity of attributable risk factors for DALYs due to thyroid cancer in the GBD region. In addition, this study covered more locations and data sources, including 204 countries and territories.…”

“…Previous studies have reported the burden of thyroid cancer based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 data. 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 The GBD 2019, with its up to date population‐based cancer registry data and methodological refinements, provides the most comprehensive estimates of thyroid cancer burden. 3 , 8 , 9 , 10 Compared with previous studies, the added value of this study is that cancer registry data have been added from more countries and the minimum age group has been updated (5–9 years old).…”

Preoperatively Predicting the Central Lymph Node Metastasis for Papillary Thyroid Cancer Patients With Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

“…With the increasing prevalence of DTC and the application of thyroid ultrasound around the world, thousands of patients were admitted to the hospital and further elect to undergo surgical intervention (5,6). However, the trend of overdiagnosis and treatment modality has aroused wide concerns.…”

“…Over the past few years, the standardized clinical management for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has aroused wide concern in global researchers (1)(2)(3), due to the significant increasing prevalence and overdiagnosis of thyroid cancer (4)(5)(6). According to the latest management guidelines derived from the American Thyroid Association (ATA), lobectomy without central lymph node dissection (CLND) was evaluated to be a sufficient surgical extension for clinically lymph node negative (cN0) patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) (3).…”

Burden of Thyroid Cancer From 1990 to 2019 and Projections of Incidence and Mortality Until 2039 in China: Findings From Global Burden of Disease Study

“…Research based on the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) study of 2017 have reported an increase in the incidence of TC worldwide (8,9). However, this incidence varies greatly from country to country, and there is a so-called ''thyroid cancer epidemic'' across the developed world, in countries such as the USA (10), Canada (11), Australia (12), and Asia (3).…”