The Global Burden of the Metabolic Syndrome and its Consequences for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease

Byrne, Christopher D.

doi:10.1002/0470025131.ch1

Cited by 42 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 88 publications

(101 reference statements)

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“…A considerable amount of research has been undertaken to define the epidemiology of the metabolic syndrome in different populations, and it has identified wide variations in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome between the sexes and in different countries and ethnic groups [18]. The condition has strong lifestyle determinants, which are in turn influenced by socioeconomic status, cultural habits and country-specific educational opportunities.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The metabolic syndrome: useful concept or clinical tool? Report of a WHO Expert Consultation

et al. 2009

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This article presents the conclusions of a WHO Expert Consultation that evaluated the utility of the 'metabolic syndrome' concept in relation to four key areas: pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical work and public health. The metabolic syndrome is a concept that focuses attention on complex multifactorial health problems. While it may be considered useful as an educational concept, it has limited practical utility as a diagnostic or management Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The metabolic syndrome: useful concept or clinical tool? Report of a WHO Expert Consultation

et al. 2009

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“…It is estimated that the current global prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is approximately 16% (95% confidence intervals 10 to 23; Wild and Byrne, 2005) and that this figure is growing at an alarming rate. A multitude of research has been undertaken to improve our knowledge of underlying causes and subsequent prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome, but much of this research has been conducted in rat models.…”

Section: The Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine models for the metabolic syndrome, digestive and bone disorders: a general overview

Litten-Brown

Corson

Clarke

2010

Animal

144

136

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The aim of this review article is to provide an overview of the role of pigs as a biomedical model for humans. The usefulness and limitations of porcine models have been discussed in terms of metabolic, cardiovascular, digestive and bone diseases in humans. Domestic pigs and minipigs are the main categories of pigs used as biomedical models. One drawback of minipigs is that they are in short supply and expensive compared with domestic pigs, which in contrast cost more to house, feed and medicate. Different porcine breeds show different responses to the induction of specific diseases. For example, ossabaw minipigs provide a better model than Yucatan for the metabolic syndrome as they exhibit obesity, insulin resistance and hypertension, all of which are absent in the Yucatan. Similar metabolic/physiological differences exist between domestic breeds (e.g. Meishan v. Pietrain). The modern commercial (e.g. Large White) domestic pig has been the preferred model for developmental programming due to the 2-to 3-fold variation in body weight among littermates providing a natural form of foetal growth retardation not observed in ancient (e.g. Meishan) domestic breeds. Pigs have been increasingly used to study chronic ischaemia, therapeutic angiogenesis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and abdominal aortic aneurysm as their coronary anatomy and physiology are similar to humans. Type 1 and II diabetes can be induced in swine using dietary regimes and/or administration of streptozotocin. Pigs are a good and extensively used model for specific nutritional studies as their protein and lipid metabolism is comparable with humans, although pigs are not as sensitive to protein restriction as rodents. Neonatal and weanling pigs have been used to examine the pathophysiology and prevention/treatment of microbial-associated diseases and immune system disorders. A porcine model mimicking various degrees of prematurity in infants receiving total parenteral nutrition has been established to investigate gut development, amino acid metabolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Endoscopic therapeutic methods for upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding are being developed. Bone remodelling cycle in pigs is histologically more similar to humans than that of rats or mice, and is used to examine the relationship between menopause and osteoporosis. Work has also been conducted on dental implants in pigs to consider loading; however with caution as porcine bone remodels slightly faster than human bone. We conclude that pigs are a valuable translational model to bridge the gap between classical rodent models and humans in developing new therapies to aid human health.

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“…The definition of metabolic syndrome includes the presence of at least three of the following items: male waist circumference greater than 102 cm, triglycerides greater than 150 mg/dl, HDL lower than 40 mg/dl, blood pressure greater than 130 x 85 mmHg and fasting glucose greater than 110 mg/dl. 6,7 Reduction of smoking, regular exercise practices, healthy diet, weight reduction, diabetes control and changes in lifestyle are associated with lower incidence of erectile dysfunction and lower risk of metabolic syndrome. 8 Some studies have supported the existence of an association between cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome risk among men with and without erectile dysfunction: case-control study

et al. 2010

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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Erectile dysfunction has been associated with cardiovascular diseases. The aim here was to evaluate cardiovascular risk through the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) criteria, C-reactive protein (CRP) assays and presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in men with and without erectile dysfunction diagnosed within a healthcare program. DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective case-control study was conducted. The patients were selected from a healthcare program at the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, between January and December 2007. METHODS: 222 men were retrospectively selected, and they were divided into two groups: men with erectile dysfunction (n = 111) and men without erectile dysfunction (n = 111). The patients were stratified according to the International Index of Erectile Function-Erectile Function domain (IIEF-EF domain). CRP and FRS were analyzed and the two groups were compared. RESULTS: The CRP levels were significantly higher among men with erectile dysfunction (P = 0.04). Patients with erectile dysfunction also had high FRS (P = 0.0015). CRP and FRS did not correlate with the severity of erectile dysfunction. The presence of metabolic syndrome was greater among men with erectile dysfunction (P < 0.05). The severity of erectile dysfunction was directly associated with metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: Men with erectile dysfunction presented higher cardiovascular risk according to the FRS criteria and CRP measurements. Severe erectile dysfunction seemed to have a correlation with metabolic syndrome.

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The Global Burden of the Metabolic Syndrome and its Consequences for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease

Cited by 42 publications

References 88 publications

The metabolic syndrome: useful concept or clinical tool? Report of a WHO Expert Consultation

The metabolic syndrome: useful concept or clinical tool? Report of a WHO Expert Consultation

Porcine models for the metabolic syndrome, digestive and bone disorders: a general overview

Cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome risk among men with and without erectile dysfunction: case-control study

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