“…Such small investment is compoundedbyasignificantpurchase-powerdisparityforGSresearch-ersbecauseAPCsarechargedinGBP,EURorUSD,andcurrencies fromLMIeconomiesdepreciateagainststrongercurrencies (Agénor & Montiel, 2015). The APC fee for a single article can be equivalenttoseveral monthsofbasicsalaryforresearchersinGScountries (Dawson et al, 2023;Mekonnen et al, 2021). The financial imbal-anceproducesalowerproportionofOApublicationsbyGS-based researchersbecausemanyauthorsoptoutofpublishinginOAjournals (Kwon,2022;Smithetal.,2022),particularlyinbiogeographic fields(Edwardsetal.,2022).…”