The Glasgow Social Self‐Efficacy Scale—a new scale for measuring social self‐efficacy in people with intellectual disability

Abstract

This paper describes the development of the Glasgow Social SelfEfficacy Scale (GSSES) and reports preliminary details of its psychometric properties.The scale was found to have a test-retest reliability correlation coefficient of 0.90 in a sample of participants with intellectual disability. This represents strong test-retest reliability. Cronbach's a for internal reliability of GSSES was 0.78 for the 38 participants with intellectual disability and 0.90 for the 19 participants in the non-disabled group, representing acceptable internal reliability.Significant but low concurrent validity (r = 0.42) was found for nondisabled participants between the GSSES and a previous measure of social self-efficacy. Although both communication skill and scores on the GSSES were associated with depression, they were not significantly correlated with each other. This suggests that the belief of a person with an intellectual disability in their social ability is distinct from their social ability as rated by others and provides support for the construct validity of social self-efficacy in this client group.The results of these tests of reliability and validity suggest the GSSES is a useful addition to cognitive measures in people with intellectual disability. Given the small sample size, verification of its psychometric properties in larger scale studies would be beneficial.

A comparison of individual qualities of resiliency in adolescents with mild intellectual disability and typically developing adolescents

“…Gilmore and colleagues (2013) also examined the influence of gender on the RSCA scores and found no significant differences except that girls reported higher sensitivity than boys. With regard to individual qualities in the sense of mastery domain, the obtained results are in accordance with the findings of other authors indicating that there were no significant gender differences in self-efficacy in persons with ID (Gresham et al, 1988;Payne & Jahoda, 2004). Nota and associates (2010) explained the lack of differences in self-efficacy beliefs in male and female persons with ID by the fact that school and extra scholastic activities for individuals with ID were rarely differentiated by gender, and thus girls and boys with ID mainly had similar experiences.…”

“…In a meta-analytic review of studies on self-serving attributional bias, Mezulis and colleagues (2004) concluded that, in the general population, the level of positivity bias in attributions was the lowest in early adolescence (12-14 years of age) when a person starts realizing that frequent failures can be the result of lower abilities. The obtained findings indicating the absence of significant age differences in self-efficacy are supported by the results of previous studies (Gresham et al, 1988;Payne & Jahoda, 2004). Similarly, the results which refer to sense of relatedness are consistent with the findings of other authors according to which, in persons with ID, there were no significant age differences in social skills (Adeniyi & Omigbodun, 2016;Heiman & Margalit, 1998), peer acceptance and relations (Heiman & Margalit, 1998;Wendelborg & Kvello, 2010), and perceived social support (Lunsky & Benson, 2001).…”

Witness self‐efficacy: Development and validation of the construct

“…Therefore, this was included as an exploratory variable, although it seems unlikely that enough participants would have such experience as to warrant statistical attention. This line of inquiry also shows no relation between social self-efficacy versus others' ratings of actual social skills in a sample of individuals with intellectual disabilities (Payne & Jahoda, 2004 …”

Nonverbal Social Skills of Adults with Mild Intellectual Disability Diagnosed with Depression

“…The few studies that have investigated social skills in an ID population have shown a relation between poor verbal and nonverbal social skills and depressive symptoms in samples of adults with borderline IQ to moderate ID (Benson, Reiss, Smith, & Laman, 1985; Heiman & Margalit, 1998; Helsel & Matson, 1988; Laman & Reiss, 1987; Payne & Jahoda, 2004; Reiss & Benson, 1985). However, conclusions from these studies are limited in that they largely included participants who did not have a diagnosis of depression, and thus results do not reflect whether adults with mild ID diagnosed with depression exhibit a unique profile of maladaptive social skills.…”