2016). Of less concern is music. Where music has been addressed, accounts generally consider lyrical rather than instrumental, treating music as another kind of meaning-rich text (Boulton, 2008;Street, 2013;Liu, An & Zhu, 2015). What is sometimes acknowledged in these analyses, but largely unexplored, is the conceptualisation of instrumental music as a mode of communication in itself -able to convey emotion, feeling, and certain understandings of space and place. In this article, an initial sounding of this area is made, focusing on instrumental, diegetic film score (music without lyrics composed to accompany film, which the audience can hear, but the film's characters cannot). 1 Drawing from wider work in human geography that has considered sound from non-representational perspectives, and film music studies, the discussion here broadens understandings of how geopolitical knowledges are produced and communicated.Film score is paradoxical. At one extreme, it is considered a method of supplementing the slower parts of a movie's narrative: "no one notices it, except that something would be missing if it were not there" (Scheurer, 1998, p. 172). At the other extreme, score is seen as central to filmmakingrequired for a great film to be great, and with the ability to save a film that might otherwise fail (Scheurer, 1998). An award for Best Score has been presented at the Oscars since 1935. More popular amongst many audiences than the classical canon, film score has been integrated into the repertoires of many international orchestras, helping to keep orchestras solvent (Kalinak, 2010). The world's leading film composers -such as John Williams, Hans Zimmer, Danny Elfmancommand salaries of up to $2 million per picture, making them competitive with leading actors and directors. In this article, the focus is on Western film score, but scores for non-Hollywood productions, including Bollywood, are becoming increasingly popular globally. Composers such as the Indian, A. R. Rahman, have blurred these divides, scoring productions around the world.Like language, music is built on units, grammars, forms of expression. For Timothy Scheurer, from the perspective of film music studies, these are "aural building blocks that, due to a host of