“…Meta-analyses of such within-cases results have not appeared as frequently as those of RCTs, but they do exist. In analyzing the findings from 18 meta-analyses of within-patients-outcomes (pre-therapy versus post-therapy) research, the mean (SD) ES was 1.35 (0.39), 95% CI [1.16,1.55] (Burlingame, Fuhriman, & Mosier, 2003;Clement, 2008;de Maat, de Jonghe, Schoevers, & Dekker, 2009;Driessen, Cuijpers de Maat, Abbass, de Jonghe, & Dekker, 2010;Friedman, Cardemil, Uebelacker, Beevers, Chestnut, & Miller, 2005;Hofman, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010;Huber, Henrich, & Klug, 2005;Kazdin & Whitley, 2006;Leichsenring & Leibing, 2003;Leichsenring, Rabung, & Leibing, 2004;Maughan, Christiansen, Jenson, Olympia, & Clark, 2005;Michael & Crowley, 2002;Minami, Wampold, Serlin, Kircher, & Brown, 2007;Norton & Philipp, 2008;Oei & Dingle, 2008;Stiles, Barkham, Twigg, Mellor-Clark, & Cooper, 2006).…”