The Ghrelin System; Beyond the Role in Energy Homeostasis

Šaranac, Ljiljana; Gucev, Zoran

doi:10.22190/fumb170118002s

Cited by 4 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…e most prominent and early known effects of ghrelin following its discovery are appetite stimulation and GH release stimulation [7,58,59]. Nowadays, different studies showed that ghrelin has many functions beyond the initial discoveries ( Figure 3).…”

Section: System-based Understanding Of Physiological Effect Of Ghrelinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Functions. GHSR is widely expressed in the brain regions like the hippocampus [7] and other areas controlling emotional responses [67], memory, and learning [68]. Numerous studies showed that ghrelin can regulate numerous higher brain functions including learning memory and reward-seeking behavior [22,42,67,[69][70][71].…”

Section: Effect Of Ghrelin On Higher Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ghrelin regulates energy balance in the short term via induction of appetite and in the long term via increasing body weight and adiposity [60]. In starvation, ghrelin levels are high, acting as a stimulator of energy intake and inhibitor of energy expenditure and, at the same time, spending calories from carbohydrate intake and stimulating the release of glucose from hepatocytes [7].…”

Section: Weight Gain Regulation and Energy Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Des-acyl ghrelin is now known to have independent physiological functionality [6]. Receptors (GHSR) 1a and 1b, encoded by a gene located on 3q26.31, are widespread and are found in many parts of the body and even in tumors and metastases [1,7]. Ghrelin and its receptors are widely expressed in many regions of the brain [8,9], pituitary [10], intestine [11], kidney [8], thyroid gland [12,13], lung [8,14], heart [11,15], pancreatic islets [16], ovaries [8], testis [17], and sebaceous glands [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physiological Effect of Ghrelin on Body Systems

Akalu

Molla

Dessie

et al. 2020

International Journal of Endocrinology

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Ghrelin is a relatively novel multifaceted hormone that has been found to exert a plethora of physiological effects. In this review, we found/confirmed that ghrelin has effect on all body systems. It induces appetite; promotes the use of carbohydrates as a source of fuel while sparing fat; inhibits lipid oxidation and promotes lipogenesis; stimulates the gastric acid secretion and motility; improves cardiac performance; decreases blood pressure; and protects the kidneys, heart, and brain. Ghrelin is important for learning, memory, cognition, reward, sleep, taste sensation, olfaction, and sniffing. It has sympatholytic, analgesic, antimicrobial, antifibrotic, and osteogenic effects. Moreover, ghrelin makes the skeletal muscle more excitable and stimulates its regeneration following injury; delays puberty; promotes fetal lung development; decreases thyroid hormone and testosterone; stimulates release of growth hormone, prolactin, glucagon, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, vasopressin, and oxytocin; inhibits insulin release; and promotes wound healing. Ghrelin protects the body by different mechanisms including inhibition of unwanted inflammation and induction of autophagy. Having a clear understanding of the ghrelin effect in each system has therapeutic implications. Future studies are necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of ghrelin actions as well as its application as a GHSR agonist to treat most common diseases in each system without any paradoxical outcomes on the other systems.

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Section: System-based Understanding Of Physiological Effect Of Ghrelinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effect Of Ghrelin On Higher Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Weight Gain Regulation and Energy Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Physiological Effect of Ghrelin on Body Systems

Akalu

Molla

Dessie

et al. 2020

International Journal of Endocrinology

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“…Ghrelin was initially identified as the endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor in the brain, which is capable of stimulating GH release from the anterior pituitary gland. It acts as natural orexigenic factor and long-term body weight regulator, and has a role in glucose homeostasis, immunity, and cardio protection [15] . Consequently, ghrelin could affect growth by stimulating appetite and food intake and by altering GH secretion, subsequently affecting IGF-1 generation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of insulin-like growth factor-1, total ghrelin, and insulin resistance in nutritionally stunted Egyptian children

Abdou

El-Boghdady

El-Maksoud

et al. 2019

Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University

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Stunting represents a worldwide nutritional problem, which has many negative effects on child health and development. This study aimed to investigate the levels of insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1), total ghrelin and insulin resistance, as well as certain micronutrients affecting children growth and skeletal maturity in nutritionally stunted Egyptian children. Stunted children were selected to have height for age Z score (HAZ) <-2 standard deviation, whereas, control children were selected to have HAZ >-2. Stunted children were further classified according to weight for age Z score into normal and underweight groups. All stunted children exhibited significantly lower serum levels of IGF-1, Ca, and Mg compared to normal control children. Additionally, both normal weight and underweight groups showed insignificantly higher total ghrelin levels than the control values. Only stunted underweight children showed significantly lower serum Zn levels compared to control children. Meanwhile, no significant differences were observed in serum glucose and insulin levels, pancreatic beta cell function and insulin resistance between different study groups. In conclusion, these findings highlight the importance of early detection of abnormalities in growth hormone / IGF-1 axis and micronutrients levels in hope that appropriate intervention strategies could improve their status to obtain full growth potential in nutritionally stunted Egyptian children.

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Insulin resistance surrogates and left ventricular hypertrophy in normotensive obese children

Bjelakovic

Vuković

Stanković³

et al. 2021

Cardiol Young

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Background: The relationship between different surrogates of insulin resistance and left ventricular geometry in obese children is still unclear. Objective: We sought to explore the relationship between commonly used measures of insulin sensitivity/resistance (homeostatic model assessment index, serum uric acid, and triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio) and left ventricular geometry in normotensive obese children. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 32 normotensive obese children were examined. Transthoracic echocardiography was used to measure left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness. Homeostasis model assessment index, serum uric acid level, and a ratio of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were used as markers of the insulin resistance. Simple and partial correlation analyses (to control for the effects of body mass index) were conducted to explore relationship between studied variables and left ventricular mass index or relative wall thickness as outcome variables. Results: We found positive correlations between homeostasis model assessment index and relative wall thickness (r = 0.47, p = 0.03) which remained significant after controlling for the effect of body mass index, z-score (r = 0.48, p = 0.03). The cutoff level of homeostasis model assessment index with the optimum sensitivity (Sn) and specificity (Sp) derived from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for predicting concentric remodelling was ≥5.51 with Sn = 83.33 and Sp = 68.75. Conclusion: There is a positive relationship between homeostasis model assessment index and relative wall thickness of obese normotensive children which may help to distinguish at risk obese normotensive children for the development of concentric left ventricular remodelling.

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The Ghrelin System; Beyond the Role in Energy Homeostasis

Cited by 4 publications

References 32 publications

Physiological Effect of Ghrelin on Body Systems

Physiological Effect of Ghrelin on Body Systems

Evaluation of insulin-like growth factor-1, total ghrelin, and insulin resistance in nutritionally stunted Egyptian children

Insulin resistance surrogates and left ventricular hypertrophy in normotensive obese children

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