The German Thorotrast Study: Recent Results and Assessment of Risks

Kaick, G. van; Dalheimer, A.; Hornik, Sakiko; Kaul, A.; Liebermann, D.; Lührs, H.; Spiethoff, A.; Wegener, Kurt; Wesch, H.

doi:10.2307/3580117

Cited by 91 publications

(45 citation statements)

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“…A significant positive association was observed among persons receiving radiation for ankylosing spondylitis (RR 5 1.74, 95% CI: 1.23-2.36). 337 Self-reported radiotherapy exposure was significantly associated with increased NHL risk in a Swedish case-control study (OR 5 2.84, 95% CI: 1.85-4.37), 29 but null findings were reported in association with radiographic examinations 254 340 and Portuguese studies (4 exposed cases, 0 exposed controls). 341 UV radiation.…”

Section: Radiation Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

The non-Hodgkin lymphomas: A review of the epidemiologic literature

et al. 2007

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Section: Radiation Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

The non-Hodgkin lymphomas: A review of the epidemiologic literature

et al. 2007

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“…Exposure to thorium dioxide (thorotrast), an X-ray contrast medium used between 1930 and 1950, has been reported to increase risk of plasmacytoma, a form of multiple myeloma, more than 4-fold among patients examined with cerebral angiography or arteriography of the limbs. 211 Thorotrast is a distinct type of ionizing radiation because it decays through the emission of alpha particles. Other studies have also reported related cases, although findings were based on 2 or fewer observed cases, making calculation of reliable risk estimates difficult.…”

Section: Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple myeloma: A review of the epidemiologic literature

et al. 2007

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Multiple myeloma, a neoplasm of plasma cells, accounts for 15% of lymphatohematopoietic cancers (LHC) and 2% of all cancers in the US. Incidence rates increase with age, particularly after age 40, and are higher in men, particularly African American men. The etiology is unknown with no established lifestyle, occupational or environmental risk factors. Although several factors have been implicated as potentially etiologic, findings are inconsistent. We reviewed epidemiologic studies that evaluated lifestyle, dietary, occupational and environmental factors; immune function, family history and genetic factors; and the hypothesized precursor, monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance (MGUS). Because multiple myeloma is an uncommon disease, etiologic assessments can be difficult because of small numbers of cases in occupational cohort studies, and few subjects reporting exposure to specific agents in case-control studies. Elevated risks have been reported consistently among persons with a positive family history of LHC. A few studies have reported a relationship between obesity and multiple myeloma, and this may be a promising area of research. Factors underlying higher incidence rates of multiple myeloma in African Americans are not understood. The progression from MGUS to multiple myeloma has been reported in several studies; however, there are no established risk factors for MGUS. To improve our understanding of the causes of multiple myeloma, future research efforts should seek the causes of MGUS. More research is also needed on the genetic factors of multiple myeloma, given the strong familial clustering of the disease. ' 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: multiple myeloma; epidemiology Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of plasma cells that results in an overproduction of light and heavy chain monoclonal immunoglobulins. The specific immunoglobulin secreted by the malignant cell is the M-protein, named in reference to its monoclonal characteristics. It is found in the serum and/or urine of persons affected with multiple myeloma.

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“…Malignancy associated with Thorotrast deposition is various, including malignancy in the liver, biliary tracts, hematopoietic system, lymphoma, lung, peritoneum, bone and others [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. According to Ito and his associates [15] the hepatic tumors after Thorotrast deposition comprised cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) (44 cases, 43.1 %), angiosarcoma (AS) (39 cases, 38.3 %), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (16 cases, 15.7 %), triple cancers (CCA + AS + HCC) (1 case, 1 %), and double cancers (CCA + HCC) (2 cases, 2 %).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thorium dioxide suspension, trade name "Thorotrast", used to be considered an apparently innocent contrast medium that was used for angiography with adequate radiodensity and no significant acute or subacute adverse reactions at the clinical standard in the past. However, it was an alpha emitter which was deposited in the reticuloendothelial system, including the liver, spleen and lymph nodes, and it irradiated such organs for a lifelong period [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Presented here is a tragic case that may be known to radiologists of older generations, but such experiences may not have been shared by younger radiologists, since almost all victims of Thorotrast injection are now dead.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%