The Geopolitical Ethnic Networks for De-bordering: North Korean Defectors in Los Angeles and London

Abstract

The transnational ethnic networks developed by North Korean defectors are factors in the (de-)bordering of North Korea. Ethnographic fieldwork in two destinations-London and Los Angeles-demonstrates, first, that through their practices of financial and social remittances, the defectors have proved that North Korea's border control is porous, and second, that the defectors have developed global and regional networks to challenge North Korean sovereignty. In the interaction between the defectors' daily lives and the geopolitical environment, these geopolitical ethnic networks play important roles. This contribution to the debate on borders and defectors encourages us to shift our attention from nation-states' laws and policies on border-crossers to the agency of the border-crossers themselves.