The geochemistry of some carbonate ground waters in central Pennsylvania

Langmuir, Donald

doi:10.1016/0016-7037(71)90019-6

Cited by 356 publications

(142 citation statements)

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“…The values of pH were used to convert dissolved d 13 C values to predicted d 13 C CO2(g) values. As noted previously, a 0.1 uncertainty in pH units results in ~ 24% uncertainty in dissolved carbon ion activities (Langmuir, 1971). Inaccuracies in pH measurement are very likely due to degassing that would change pH as shown by Equation 9.…”

Section: Gas Datamentioning

confidence: 90%

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Co2 Capture Project - An Integrated, Collaborative Technology Development Project for Next Generation Co2 Separation, Capture and Geologic Sequestration

Kerr¹

2003

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The CO 2 Capture Project (CCP) is a joint industry project, funded by eight energy companies (BP, ChevronTexaco, EnCana, Eni, Norsk Hydro, Shell, Statoil, and Suncor) and three government agencies (European Union {DG Res & DG Tren}, Norway {Klimatek} and the U.S.A. {Department of Energy. The project objective is to develop new technologies, which could reduce the cost of CO 2 capture and geologic storage by 50% for retrofit to existing plants and 75% for new-build plants. Technologies are to be developed to "proof of concept" stage by the end of 2003. The project budget is approximately $24 million over 3 years and the work program is divided into eight major activity areas:• Baseline Design and Cost Estimation -defined the uncontrolled emissions from each facility and estimate the cost of abatement in $/tonne CO 2 .• Capture Technology, Post Combustion: technologies, which can remove CO 2 from exhaust gases after combustion.• Capture Technology, Oxyfuel: where oxygen is separated from the air and then burned with hydrocarbons to produce an exhaust with high CO 2 for storage.• Capture Technology, Pre -Combustion: in which, natural gas and petroleum coke are converted to hydrogen and CO 2 in a reformer/gasifier.• Common Economic Model/Technology Screening : analysis and evaluation of each technology applied to the scenarios to provide meaningful and consistent comparison.• New Technology Cost Estimation: on a consistent basis with the baseline above, to demonstrate cost reductions.• Geologic Storage, Monitoring and Verification (SMV): providing assurance that CO 2 can be safely stored in geologic formations over the long term.• Non-Technical: project management, communication of results and a review of current policies and incentives governing CO 2 capture and storage.Technology development work dominated the past six months of the project. Numerous studies are making substantial progress towards their goals. Some technologies are emerging as preferred over others. Pre-combustion Decarbonization (hydrogen fuel) technologies are showing good progress and may be able to meet the CCP's aggressive cost reduction targets for new-build plants. Chemical looping to produce oxygen for oxyfuel combustion shows real promise. As expected, post-combustion technologies are emerging as higher cost options that may have niche roles. Storage, measurement, and verification studies are moving rapidly forward. Hyper-spectral geo-botanical measurements may be an inexpensive and non-intrusive method for long-term monitoring. Modeling studies suggest that primary leakage routes from CO 2 storage sites may be along wellbores in areas disturbed by earlier oil and gas operations. This is good news because old wells are usually mapped and can be repaired during the site preparation process.Many studies are nearing completion or have been completed. Their preliminary results are summarized in the attached report and presented in detail in the attached appendices.4 Technologies are to be developed to "proof of concept" stage by t...

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Section: Gas Datamentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The apparent disequilibrium may be due to uncertainties in pH measurement. An uncertainty of 0.1 pH unit results in a 24% error in calculated molalities of dissolved carbon species (Langmuir, 1971). This uncertainty is likely since degassing can affect pH.…”

Section: Gas Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Co2 Capture Project - An Integrated, Collaborative Technology Development Project for Next Generation Co2 Separation, Capture and Geologic Sequestration

Kerr¹

2003

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“…The compositional changes in Mg and Ca concentrations mainly depend on the residence of water in karstic systems which is controlled by the volume and mechanism of recharge, the distance from the recharge area and dissolution of carbonate minerals [31][32][33]. Thus, this parameter can be used as a qualitative indicator of the resi- dence time of groundwater.…”

Section: Geochemical Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogeological Conceptual Model of Groundwater from Carbonate Aquifers Using Environmental Isotopes (<sup>18</sup>O, <sup>2</sup>H) and Chemical Tracers: A Case Study in Southern Latium Region, Central Italy

Sappa¹,

Barbieri²,

Ergul³

et al. 2012

JWARP

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The present work provides hydrochemical and stable isotope data and their interpretations for 54 springs and 20 wells, monitored from 2002 to 2006, in the Southern Latium region of Central Italy to identify flow paths, recharge areas and hydrochemical processes governing the evolution of groundwater in this region. The hydrogeological conceptual model of the carbonate aquifers of southern Latium was based on environmental isotopic and hydrochemical investigation techniques to characterize and model these aquifer systems with the aim of achieving proper management and protection of these important resources. Most of the spring samples, issuing from Lepini, Ausoni and Aurunci Mts., are characterized as Ca-Mg-HCO 3 water type, however, some samples show a composition of Na-Cl and mixed Ca-Na-HCO 3 -Cl waters. Groundwater samples from Pontina Plain are mostly characterized by Na-Cl and Ca-Cl type waters. Geochemical modeling and saturation index computation of the Lepini, Ausoni Aurunci springs and Pontina Plain wells shows an interaction with carbonate rocks. Most of the spring and well water samples were saturated with respect to calcite and dolomite, however all sampled waters were undersaturated with respect to gypsum and halite. The relationship between δ 18 O and δ 2 H, for spring and well water samples, shows shifts of both the slope and the deuterium excess when compared to the world meteoric (WMWL) and central Italy meteoric (CIMWL) water lines. The deviation of data points from the meteoric lines can be attributed to evaporation both during the falling of the rain and by run-off on the ground surface before infiltration. Most springs and wells have a deuterium excess above 10‰ suggesting the precipitation in the groundwater comes from the Mediterranean sector. On the basis of local isotopic gradients, in combination with topographic and geologic criteria, four recharge areas were identified in the Aurunci Mountains. In Pontina Plain, the elevations of the recharging areas suggest that the Lepini carbonate aquifers are feeding them.

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“…Bicarbonate enters the groundwater system as a result of the uptake of CO 2 from soilzone gases and/or direct atmospheric inputs. Additional sources of bicarbonate can come from dissolution of carbonate minerals (Langmuir, 1971). High concentrations of CO 2 in some bicarbonate mineral waters of the Black Forest region (Central Europe) lead to pH values around 6.…”

Section: Controls On Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposal systems evaluations and tool development : Engineered Barrier System (EBS) evaluation.

Rutqvist¹,

Liu²,

Steefel³

et al. 2011

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Eric Sonnenthal (LBNL) Engineered Barrier System (EBS) Evaluation This page is intentionally left blank Engineered Barrier System (EBS) Evaluation 5 Executive SummaryKey components of the nuclear fuel cycle are short-term storage and long-term disposal of nuclear waste. The latter encompasses the immobilization of used nuclear fuel (UNF) and radioactive waste streams generated by various phases of the nuclear fuel cycle, and the safe and permanent disposition of these waste forms in geological repository environments. The engineered barrier system (EBS) plays a very important role in the long-term isolation of nuclear waste in geological repository environments. EBS concepts and their interactions with the natural barrier are inherently important to the long-term performance assessment of the safety case where nuclear waste disposition needs to be evaluated for time periods of up to one million years. Making the safety case needed in the decision-making process for the recommendation and the eventual embracement of a disposal system concept requires a multi-faceted integration of knowledge and evidence-gathering to demonstrate the required confidence level in a deep geological disposal site and to evaluate longterm repository performance.The focus of this report is the following:• Evaluation of EBS in long-term disposal systems in deep geologic environments with emphasis on the multi-barrier concept;• Evaluation of key parameters in the characterization of EBS performance;• Identification of key knowledge gaps and uncertainties;• Evaluation of tools and modeling approaches for EBS processes and performance.The above topics will be evaluated through the analysis of the following:• Overview of EBS concepts for various NW disposal systems;• Natural and man-made analogs, room chemistry, hydrochemistry of deep subsurface environments, and EBS material stability in near-field environments;• Reactive Transport and Coupled Thermal-Hydrological-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) processes in EBS;• Thermal analysis toolkit, metallic barrier degradation mode survey, and development of a Disposal Systems Evaluation Framework (DSEF).This report will focus on the multi-barrier concept of EBS and variants of this type which in essence is the most adopted concept by various repository programs. Empasis is given mainly to the evaluation of EBS materials and processes through the analysis of published studies in the scientific literature of past and existing repository research programs. Tool evaluations are also emphasized, particularly on THCM processes and chemical equilibria. Although being an increasingly important aspect of NW disposition, short-term or interim storage of NW will be briefly discussed but not to the extent of the EBS issues relevant to disposal systems in deep geologic environments. Interim storage will be discussed in the report Evaluation of Storage Concepts FY10 Final Report (Weiner et al. 2010). Engineered Barrier System (EBS) Evaluation 6This page is intentionally left blank Engineered Barrier System (EBS) Eva...

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The geochemistry of some carbonate ground waters in central Pennsylvania

Cited by 356 publications

References 22 publications

Co2 Capture Project - An Integrated, Collaborative Technology Development Project for Next Generation Co2 Separation, Capture and Geologic Sequestration

Co2 Capture Project - An Integrated, Collaborative Technology Development Project for Next Generation Co2 Separation, Capture and Geologic Sequestration

Hydrogeological Conceptual Model of Groundwater from Carbonate Aquifers Using Environmental Isotopes (<sup>18</sup>O, <sup>2</sup>H) and Chemical Tracers: A Case Study in Southern Latium Region, Central Italy

Disposal systems evaluations and tool development : Engineered Barrier System (EBS) evaluation.

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The geochemistry of some carbonate ground waters in central Pennsylvania

Cited by 356 publications

References 22 publications

Co2 Capture Project - An Integrated, Collaborative Technology Development Project for Next Generation Co2 Separation, Capture and Geologic Sequestration

Co2 Capture Project - An Integrated, Collaborative Technology Development Project for Next Generation Co2 Separation, Capture and Geologic Sequestration

Hydrogeological Conceptual Model of Groundwater from Carbonate Aquifers Using Environmental Isotopes (&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O, &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H) and Chemical Tracers: A Case Study in Southern Latium Region, Central Italy

Disposal systems evaluations and tool development : Engineered Barrier System (EBS) evaluation.

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Product

Resources

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Hydrogeological Conceptual Model of Groundwater from Carbonate Aquifers Using Environmental Isotopes (<sup>18</sup>O, <sup>2</sup>H) and Chemical Tracers: A Case Study in Southern Latium Region, Central Italy