The Genus Brachyspira

Stanton, Thad B.

doi:10.1007/0-387-30747-8_12

Cited by 22 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 184 publications

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“…As expected, the three strains had many minor differences in the predicted sequences of the flagellar proteins. When considering the predicted flagellar structure, it should be remembered that B. pilosicoli only has 4–6 periplasmic flagella at each cell end compared to 7–14 for B. hyodysenteriae [1], and this difference could involve the need for some modifications. Furthermore, differences in flagellin protein ratios can affect the stiffness of the periplasmic flagella in spirochetes, and this stiffness directly correlates with their motility [64].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Complete Genome Sequence of the Pathogenic Intestinal Spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli and Comparison with Other Brachyspira Genomes

Wanchanthuek

Bellgard

et al. 2010

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundThe anaerobic spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli colonizes the large intestine of various species of birds and mammals, including humans. It causes “intestinal spirochetosis”, a condition characterized by mild colitis, diarrhea and reduced growth. This study aimed to sequence and analyse the bacterial genome to investigate the genetic basis of its specialized ecology and virulence.Methodology/Principal FindingsThe genome of B. pilosicoli 95/1000 was sequenced, assembled and compared with that of the pathogenic Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and a near-complete sequence of Brachyspira murdochii. The B. pilosicoli genome was circular, composed of 2,586,443 bp with a 27.9 mol% G+C content, and encoded 2,338 genes. The three Brachyspira species shared 1,087 genes and showed evidence of extensive genome rearrangements. Despite minor differences in predicted protein functional groups, the species had many similar features including core metabolic pathways. Genes distinguishing B. pilosicoli from B. hyodysenteriae included those for a previously undescribed bacteriophage that may be useful for genetic manipulation, for a glycine reductase complex allowing use of glycine whilst protecting from oxidative stress, and for aconitase and related enzymes in the incomplete TCA cycle, allowing glutamate synthesis and function of the cycle during oxidative stress. B. pilosicoli had substantially fewer methyl-accepting chemotaxis genes than B. hyodysenteriae and hence these species are likely to have different chemotactic responses that may help to explain their different host range and colonization sites. B. pilosicoli lacked the gene for a new putative hemolysin identified in B. hyodysenteriae WA1. Both B. pilosicoli and B. murdochii lacked the rfbBADC gene cluster found on the B. hyodysenteriae plasmid, and hence were predicted to have different lipooligosaccharide structures. Overall, B. pilosicoli 95/1000 had a variety of genes potentially contributing to virulence.Conclusions/SignificanceThe availability of the complete genome sequence of B. pilosicoli 95/1000 will facilitate functional genomics studies aimed at elucidating host-pathogen interactions and virulence.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spirochetes of the genus Brachyspira are anaerobic bacteria that colonize the large intestine of animals and birds [1]. There are currently seven officially named species in the genus, including both pathogenic and commensal representatives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Complete Genome Sequence of the Pathogenic Intestinal Spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli and Comparison with Other Brachyspira Genomes

Wanchanthuek

Bellgard

et al. 2010

PLoS ONE

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“…Sensitivity to rifampicin is also a unique and important trait that characterizes strain RASEN T . Almost all species of the phylum Spirochaetes tolerate rifampicin, and rifampicin has often been used as a selective agent for isolation of spirochaetes (Norris et al, 2006;Leschine et al, 2006;Adler & Faine, 2006;Stanton, 2006). Moreover, the thermophilic growth exhibited by strain RASEN T is rare amongst members of the phylum Spirochaetes, most of which are mesophiles as discussed earlier.…”

Section: H Imachi and Othersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Differential characteristics between strain RASEN T and other genera in the phylum Spirochaetes Data for strain RASEN T are from this study. Data for other genera were taken from Holt et al (1994), Paster et al (1991) and the following sources: Treponema (Norris et al, 2006;Smibert, 1984;Wyss et al, 2004;Nordhoff et al, 2005;, Spirochaeta (Leschine et al, 2006;Canale-Parola, 1984a, b;Hoover et al, 2003;Dröge et al, 2006), Borrelia (Caimono, 2006;Kelly, 1984;Güner et al, 2004;Masuzawa et al, 2001;Fukunaga et al, 1996;Richter et al, 2004;Le Fleche et al, 1997;Baranton et al, 1992;Canica et al, 1993;Wang et al, 1997;Karimi et al, 1979), Cristispira (Breznak, 1984), Brevinema (Defosse et al, 1995), Brachyspira (Stanton, 2006;Hampson & La, 2006) and Leptospira/Leptonema (Adler & Faine, 2006;Faine, 1984;Levett et al, 2006;Perolat et al, 1998;Ramadass et al, 1992). +, Positive; 2, negative; V, dependent on the species; ND, no data available.…”

Section: H Imachi and Othersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exilispira thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic spirochaete isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney

Imachi

Sakai

Hirayama

et al. 2008

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLO

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Exilispira thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic spirochaete isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan A novel thermophilic, anaerobic bacterium, strain RASEN T , was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney sample collected in the Iheya North field, Okinawa Trough, Japan, at a water depth of 982 m. The cells were motile, Gram-negative and helical with hooked ends, 0.23-0.28¾15-27 mm in size with an approximate wavelength of 1.1-1.5 mm. Growth of the strain was observed at 37-60 6C (optimum 50 6C), in 2.5-3.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2.5-3 % NaCl) and at pH 6.0-7.5 (optimum pH 7.0). The strain grew on yeast extract only of the substrates examined in this study. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 27.1 mol%. Major fatty acids for the strain were C 16 : 0 , C 18 : 1 (D9) trans, C 18 : 0 and C 18 : 1 (D9) cis. Based on comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain RASEN T formed a deeply branching lineage within the phylum Spirochaetes and had only low levels of sequence similarity with other species of the phylum (range of similarity 72.1-80.6 %). Hence, we propose the name Exilispira thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Exilispira thermophila is strain RASEN T (5JCM 14728 T 5NBRC 103205 T 5KCTC 5595 T ).

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“…In explanation, initially it was thought that B. pilosicoli and B. hyodysenteriae might differ in their changes in motion efficiency relative to the viscosity, perhaps related to the fact that B. pilosicoli strains have 8-12 periplasmic flagella per cell, whilst B. hyodysenteriae strains have 22-28 (Stanton, 2006). When B204 was tested with the PVP solutions, however, its R att values continued to increase as the viscosity increased.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attraction of Brachyspira pilosicoli to mucin

Naresh

Hampson

2010

Microbiology

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The anaerobic intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira pilosicoli colonizes the large intestine of various species, including humans. In the colon this spirochaete can penetrate the overlying mucus layer, attach by one cell end to the underlying enterocytes, and initiate localized colitis and diarrhoea. The aim of this study was to investigate whether, as part of the colonization process, B. pilosicoli is attracted to mucin. Fifteen B. pilosicoli strains isolated from humans, pigs, chickens and dogs, and a control strain of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, were analysed for their ability to enter solutions of hog gastric mucin in an in vitro capillary tube assay. No significant attraction was detected with 1 % mucin, but some strains started to enter a 2 % solution, and attraction then increased with increasing concentrations to peak at around 6-8 % mucin. A similar increase was seen with B. hyodysenteriae, although this activity peaked at 6 % mucin and then declined, suggesting that the two species have different affinities for mucin. These mucin concentrations were much higher than those used in previous experimental studies with Brachyspira species. The viscosities of the 6-8 % mucin solutions were around 7-12 mPa s, which were similar to the measured viscosities of the mucus layer overlying the epithelium in the caecum and colon of experimental pigs. The strains varied in their motility, as assessed by their ability to enter tubes containing chemotaxis buffer, but there was no significant relationship between this motility and the extent of their ability to enter the mucin solutions. Different strains also had different propensities to enter the mucin solutions, but there were no consistent differences according to the host species of origin. B. pilosicoli strain 95/1000 was attracted towards a solution of Dserine, suggesting that chemotaxis was involved in the attraction to mucin; however, 95/1000 was also attracted to viscous solutions of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), in a manner mirroring the response to mucin, and hence suggesting the involvement of viscotaxis in the attraction to mucin. B. hyodysenteriae B204 showed a similar viscotaxis to PVP. Further studies are required to determine whether the in vitro interaction of a given strain with mucin is a useful indicator of its in vivo colonization ability, and hence could be used as a potential marker for virulence.

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The Genus Brachyspira

Cited by 22 publications

References 184 publications

The Complete Genome Sequence of the Pathogenic Intestinal Spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli and Comparison with Other Brachyspira Genomes

The Complete Genome Sequence of the Pathogenic Intestinal Spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli and Comparison with Other Brachyspira Genomes

Exilispira thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic spirochaete isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney

Attraction of Brachyspira pilosicoli to mucin

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