The Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC Type Strain PG1T, the Causative Agent of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP)

Westberg, Joakim; Persson, Anja Bondke; Holmberg, Anders; Goesmann, Alexander; Lundeberg, Joakim; Johansson, Karl‐Erik; Pettersson, Bertil; Uhlén, Mathias

doi:10.1101/gr.1673304

Cited by 170 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The use of a technique based on sequencing multiple loci, designated multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), allowed the identification of 15 different allelic profiles within a representative number of MmmSC strains (N = 48) of various origins [22]. In 2004 the whole genome sequence of MmmSC reference strain PG1 was published [48], opening new opportunities for the development of typing tools. Analysis of the PG1 genome sequence showed that the loci and primer pairs previously selected for MLSA were not the most adequate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping ofMycoplasma mycoidessubsp.mycoidesSC by multilocus sequence analysis allows molecular epidemiology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

et al. 2008

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-Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC (MmmSC) is the etiological agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). Although eradicated in most developed countries, the disease reappeared in Europe in the 1990s. This reappearance may have been caused either by importation from sub-Saharan Africa, where CBPP is still endemic, or by the reemergence of virulent strains in Europe, as suggested by earlier studies. A multilocus sequence analysis scheme has been developed to address this issue and, most importantly, to be able to monitor new epidemics. The alignment of the full genome sequence of the reference strain PG1 and the partial genome sequence of a pathogenic strain allowed the identification of polymorphic sites. Nineteen initial loci were selected within housekeeping genes, genes of unknown function and non coding sequences. The suitability of these loci for genotyping MmmSC strains was first tested on six strains of diverse geographic origin. The analyses showed that the published PG1 sequence contained a number of specific polymorphisms that were therefore of no use for molecular typing. Among the eight informative polymorphic loci finally selected, only one (ftsY) was positioned within a housekeeping gene. Three main groups and 31 different allelic profiles were identified among 51 strains and strain variants examined. Cluster analysis confirmed that European strains from the 1990s did not originate from Africa. It also showed a genetic link between a European strain isolated in 1967 and those found in southern Africa and Australia. This was in agreement with historical data showing that CBPP was introduced in these regions during colonisation in the 19th century.Mycoplasma mycoides / contagious bovine pleuropneumonia / multilocus sequence analysis / molecular epidemiology

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping ofMycoplasma mycoidessubsp.mycoidesSC by multilocus sequence analysis allows molecular epidemiology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

et al. 2008

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“…Only about 59% of the putative genes identified in M. m. mycoides have been assigned a function with about 30% being unique to this mycoplasma and 15% having no known function [4].…”

Section: New Mycoplasmas New Diseases?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycoplasmology: the big issues

Nicholas¹,

Rosales²,

Loria³

2017

Anim Husb Dairy Vet Sci

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Important diseases like contagious bovine and caprine pleuropneumonia, avian mycoplasmosis, atypical pneumonia and contagious agalactia are caused by small degenerate wall-less organisms called mycoplasmas which evolved from gram positive bacteria about 2.5 billion years ago. The smallest of them are close to the theoretical limit for free-living existence containing less than 500 genes. However, they have acquired sophisticated means to survive both in the environment and in the host. Recent discoveries of their ability to survive as biofilms and within cells have changed our understanding of these degenerate bacteria. Despite increased knowledge over the last few decades, control of many mycoplasma infections seems further away than ever due to antibiotic resistance and our inability to develop effective vaccines. This review discusses some of the important issues confronting mycoplasmologists. New mycoplasmas, new diseases?It is not well known that some of the most important diseases of livestock are caused by mycoplasmas. Four are listed by the World Association for Animal Health (OIE) because of their socio-economic impacts and comprise: contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), contagious agalactia, contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and avian mycoplasmosis. Others include enzootic pneumonia, a costly world-wide disease of pigs, bovine mycoplasmosis, which is characterised by respiratory disease, mastitis and arthritis, and community-acquired atypical pneumonia in humans. New outbreaks of mycoplasma disease in desert tortoises and big horn sheep have caused concern for the future of these endangered species.Mycoplasmas, or more correctly mollicutes, are the smallest self-replicating organisms on the planet and composed of wall-less, triple-layered membranes surrounding a matrix of nucleic acid and ribosomes. However once thought of as simple and possibly the precursors of more complex life they are actually highly sophisticated bacteria with elaborate defence mechanisms; in fact, they have undergone degenerative evolution from gram positive lactobacillusclostridial ancestors beginning some 2.5 billion years ago with the loss of the cell wall. Further huge gene loss occurred over the next few millennia until about 0.1 billion years the mycoplasma branch was created leading to the smallest of all mollicutes, the human pathogen Mycoplasma genitalium which consists of less than 500 genes: about a quarter of their original size and 1/10 th of the size of E. coli.The size of these organisms has generated interest in the minimum cell concept: "how many genes are essential for life?" with some estimating this figure at about 250. Attracted by this question, Craig Venter and his team in the USA attempted to put together a synthetic mycoplasma armed with the complete genome sequence of M. genitalium in the process discovering that at least 20% of the genes were not essential. After showing that they could successfully transplant genomes, they painstakingly assembled the genes of M. mycoides subsp cap...

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“…mycoides PG1T (Westberg et al, 2004), M. hyopneumoniae 232 (Minion et al, 2004) and M. capricolum subsp. capricolum ATCC 27343 (unpublished data).…”

Section: Overview Of Abc Transporters In Mycoplamasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In all but one genome (32.4% in M. mobile strain 163 K, Jaffe et al, 2004), ATP-dependent transporters represented 50% or more of all membrane transport proteins, and ABC proteins represented from 58.8% (M. mycoides subsp. mycoides PG1T, Westberg et al, 2004) to 91.7% (M. mobile strain 163 K) of all ATP-dependent proteins.…”

Section: Overview Of Abc Transporters In Mycoplamasmentioning

confidence: 99%

ABC transporters in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma synoviae: insights into evolution and pathogenicity

et al. 2007

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ABC transporters represent one of the largest superfamilies of active membrane transport proteins (MTPs) with a highly conserved ATPase domain that binds and hydrolyzes ATP, supplying energy for the uptake of a variety of nutrients and for the extrusion of drugs and metabolic wastes. The complete genomes of a non-pathogenic (J) and pathogenic (7448) strain of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, as well as of a pathogenic (53) strain of Mycoplasma synoviae have been recently sequenced. A detailed study revealed a high percentage of CDSs encoding MTPs in M. hyopneumoniae strains J (13.4%), 7448 (13.8%), and in M. synoviae 53 (11.2%), and the ABC systems represented from 85.0 to 88.6% of those CDSs. Uptake systems are mainly involved in cell nutrition and some might be associated with virulence. Exporter systems include both drug and multidrug resistant systems (MDR), which may represent mechanisms of resistance to toxic molecules. No relation was found between the phylogeny of the ATPase domains and the lifestyle or pathogenicity of Mycoplasma, but several proteins, potentially useful as targets for the control of infections, were identified.

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The Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC Type Strain PG1^T, the Causative Agent of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP)

Cited by 170 publications

References 47 publications

Genotyping ofMycoplasma mycoidessubsp.mycoidesSC by multilocus sequence analysis allows molecular epidemiology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

Genotyping ofMycoplasma mycoidessubsp.mycoidesSC by multilocus sequence analysis allows molecular epidemiology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

Mycoplasmology: the big issues

ABC transporters in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma synoviae: insights into evolution and pathogenicity

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